Psych NCLEX Exam for Therapeutic Communication

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Can you describe what happened during your visit with your husband?" This response is the most effective for assessing the event because it is an open-ended question that encourages Mrs. Thompson to provide details about what happened without feeling judged or defensive. It invites the patient to share her experience in her own words, which helps Nurse Evelyn gain a clearer understanding of the situation. This approach promotes therapeutic communication by allowing the patient to express her feelings and concerns, enabling the nurse to offer appropriate support based on the patient's perspective.

Open-ended questions like this encourage dialogue, helping to build trust and rapport while allowing the patient to lead the conversation.

Asking someone to describe what happened is like opening a door for them to tell their story, giving them the chance to explain the situation in their own way without being interrupted or judged.

When assessing a patient’s distress or concerns, it is important to avoid making assumptions or judgments and instead focus on understanding the patient’s experience. Key strategies include:

• Use open-ended questions to encourage the patient to share details about their experience or concerns.
• Actively listen to the patient’s responses, offering empathetic support and avoiding interruptions or premature conclusions.
• Avoid using leading or judgmental questions that could make the patient feel defensive or misunderstood.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Does your husband often behave this way toward you?" This is a leading question that may make the patient feel defensive or judged. It assumes that the husband’s behavior is a pattern and directs the conversation toward a particular conclusion rather than allowing the patient to share her experience freely.

"What do you believe your role is in your relationship?" This question is focused on the patient’s self-perception in the relationship rather than the specific event that caused her distress. While understanding the patient’s view of her role is important, it does not effectively assess the immediate issue at hand.

"Why do you think he acted like that?" Asking "why" can put the patient on the defensive and may come across as judgmental or accusatory. It implies that the patient should explain or justify her husband’s behavior, which is not conducive to a therapeutic conversation.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Would you like me to go with you to your ECT treatment?" This statement demonstrates the therapeutic communication technique of offering self. Offering self involves the nurse making themselves available to the patient, providing emotional support through their presence. In this case, Nurse Claire is offering to accompany Mr. Davis to his ECT treatment, which can provide reassurance and help reduce his anxiety. This approach shows that the nurse is willing to be present during a challenging time, reinforcing the therapeutic relationship by offering comfort and support without expecting anything in return.

By offering to be with the patient during a potentially stressful procedure, Nurse Claire is demonstrating empathy and a willingness to provide companionship, which can be particularly comforting for patients experiencing anxiety.

Offering self is like saying, “I’m here for you, and I’ll be by your side through this.” It reassures the person that they don’t have to face a difficult situation alone.

Offering self is an important therapeutic communication technique that helps build trust and rapport with patients. Key strategies include:

• Offer to spend time with the patient during stressful or difficult moments to provide emotional support and reassurance.
• Demonstrate availability and empathy by offering your presence without expecting anything in return.
• Use a calm and supportive tone to convey that the patient can rely on you during challenging experiences.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"It might be helpful to bring that issue up during our next group session." This response directs the patient to share their concerns in a group setting, but it does not reflect the technique of offering self. It encourages participation in group therapy but does not offer immediate, personal support.

"I see that you're offering help to your peers in the unit." This response acknowledges the patient’s behavior and may serve as giving recognition, but it is not an example of offering self, as it does not involve the nurse offering personal support or presence.

"After you're discharged, would you like to meet for lunch to discuss your progress?" This response is inappropriate in a professional nurse-patient relationship. Offering to meet for lunch after discharge crosses professional boundaries and does not align with the therapeutic communication technique of offering self.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"I can see that you're upset, but I feel uncomfortable when you swear at me." This response is the most therapeutic because it uses the communication technique of "I" statements to acknowledge the patient’s feelings while setting clear boundaries about unacceptable behavior. By saying, "I can see that you're upset," Nurse Julia is validating the patient's emotions, which helps the patient feel heard. At the same time, by expressing her discomfort with the swearing, she is setting a professional boundary in a calm, respectful manner. This approach keeps the focus on the patient's emotions without escalating the situation and redirects the conversation to a more respectful tone.

Using "I" statements is an effective way to address inappropriate behavior without blaming the patient or making them feel attacked. It helps maintain a therapeutic environment and fosters constructive communication.

This response is like saying, “I understand you’re frustrated, but let's keep things respectful so we can resolve the issue together.” It’s about balancing empathy with boundaries.

In situations where patients express anger, it’s important to validate their emotions while setting boundaries for respectful communication. Key strategies include:

• Acknowledge the patient’s emotions to show empathy and avoid escalating the situation.
• Use "I" statements to express how the behavior is affecting the nurse, promoting respectful interactions.
• Maintain professional boundaries while encouraging the patient to express their concerns in a more constructive manner.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Do you think I was responsible for your blood test being canceled?" This response is confrontational and defensive, which could escalate the patient’s anger. It does not address the patient’s emotional state and shifts the focus to blame, rather than fostering a therapeutic conversation.

"Have you considered finding different ways to express your anger?" While this suggestion may be helpful later, it’s not appropriate in the heat of the moment. It comes across as dismissive and doesn’t acknowledge the patient’s current frustration or set boundaries for respectful communication.

"I’ll step away for now. Let me know if you need anything later." This response avoids addressing the issue directly and may give the impression that the nurse is unwilling to engage with the patient’s concerns. While stepping away may sometimes be necessary to de-escalate a situation, it’s important to first acknowledge the patient’s emotions and set boundaries before doing so.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Using stereotyped or cliché comments." Nurse Jenna's response, "Hang in there. Don’t you think she has a lot to learn about life?" is an example of using stereotyped or cliché comments. These types of statements are non-specific and can be dismissive because they do not directly address the patient’s concerns or feelings. Clichés like "Hang in there" or generalized statements such as "She has a lot to learn about life" offer little meaningful engagement and fail to validate the patient’s emotions or help explore their fears.

In this scenario, the client is expressing genuine worry about her daughter’s behavior and the potential consequences, and a more therapeutic response would involve acknowledging those concerns in a nonjudgmental and empathetic manner. Cliché comments can make the client feel unheard and may close down further meaningful communication.

Using clichés is like giving someone a generic response when they’re asking for real help—like saying “it will be okay” when the person needs specific advice or support. It may feel dismissive, even if unintentional.

Nurses should avoid using clichés or stereotyped responses, which can inhibit effective communication and prevent the patient from feeling understood. Instead, it is important to use open-ended questions and reflective statements that encourage the client to explore their feelings. Key strategies include:

• Avoid stereotyped phrases such as “Hang in there” or “Things will get better.” These can minimize the client’s concerns.
• Use therapeutic techniques such as reflection or validation to show that you are actively listening and concerned about the patient’s feelings.
• Ask open-ended questions that encourage the patient to discuss their worries or explore possible solutions.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Requesting an explanation." Requesting an explanation occurs when a nurse asks a patient to explain or justify their feelings or behavior, such as asking, “Why do you feel that way?” In this scenario, Nurse Jenna is not asking for an explanation, but instead offers a cliché.

"Belittling the client’s concerns." While the nurse’s response may seem dismissive, it is not overtly belittling or directly minimizing the client’s concerns. Belittling would involve making the client feel as though their worries are insignificant, such as saying, “You’re overreacting.”

"Probing too deeply into the situation." Probing involves asking too many questions or seeking information the client may not be ready to share. In this case, the nurse is not probing but instead offering a generalized, stereotyped comment.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Making observations." In this scenario, Nurse Emily is using the therapeutic communication technique of making observations. This technique involves pointing out what the nurse notices about the patient’s behavior, appearance, or emotions in a nonjudgmental way, encouraging the patient to reflect on those observations. Nurse Emily highlights the fact that the client is smiling while discussing violent behavior, which could help the patient become more aware of the disconnect between their emotions and actions. It opens the door for the patient to explore the meaning behind this incongruent behavior and potentially reflect on their emotional response to the violence they are describing.

Making observations is a key component of therapeutic communication because it brings attention to specific behaviors or emotions without making the patient feel judged. The goal is to increase the patient's awareness and promote self-reflection, which can help them understand their own behavior and feelings more deeply.

Think of making observations like being a mirror for someone. You simply reflect back what you see without adding opinions. This helps the person see themselves more clearly and encourages them to think about why they might be acting or feeling that way.

When using the therapeutic technique of making observations, it is important to do so in a way that invites the patient to reflect on their behavior without feeling judged or defensive. Key strategies include:

• State observations in a neutral tone, avoiding any judgment or assumptions about the patient’s behavior.
• Encourage the patient to explore their feelings or thoughts related to the observation, prompting self-reflection.
• Remain empathetic and supportive, creating a safe environment for the patient to discuss difficult emotions or behaviors.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Encouraging comparison." Encouraging comparison is a technique where the nurse asks the patient to compare similarities or differences in feelings or behaviors across different situations. It is not applicable in this case because Nurse Emily is not asking the patient to compare experiences but is rather pointing out a behavior the nurse has observed.

"Exploring." Exploring involves delving deeper into a topic to help the patient discuss their thoughts and feelings more thoroughly. While Nurse Emily may explore the topic further later in the conversation, the initial step she is taking is making an observation about the patient’s current behavior.

"Formulating a plan of action." Formulating a plan of action involves helping the patient develop strategies to deal with a specific problem or issue. While this may become part of the therapeutic process later, in this case, Nurse Emily is focusing on making an observation about the patient’s behavior rather than moving directly to problem-solving.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answers:

Therapeutic communication techniques are designed to encourage patients to express their thoughts and feelings, helping them reflect and explore their emotions in a safe and supportive environment. The correct options are recognized therapeutic techniques that can foster trust, understanding, and effective communication in the patient-nurse relationship.

Restating: Restating involves repeating or paraphrasing the patient’s words to confirm understanding and encourage further elaboration. It helps the patient feel heard and validated, promoting deeper exploration of their feelings.

Listening: Active listening is one of the most fundamental therapeutic communication techniques. It involves fully focusing on the patient, making them feel understood and supported. Listening helps establish trust and encourages the patient to continue sharing their thoughts and concerns.

Maintaining neutral responses: Neutral responses help keep the conversation open and free from judgment. This allows the patient to express their feelings without feeling pushed in a particular direction. Maintaining neutrality is essential in preventing the patient from feeling judged or misunderstood.

Providing acknowledgment and feedback: Acknowledging the patient’s feelings or actions and providing constructive feedback is an important part of therapeutic communication. It shows the nurse is engaged in the conversation and values what the patient is saying, while also offering guidance or clarification as needed.

Therapeutic communication is like being a supportive guide during a walk—listening, acknowledging where the person is, and gently encouraging them to keep going, without pushing or pulling them in any direction.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Asking the patient "Why?": Asking "why" questions is generally considered non-therapeutic. It can come across as accusatory or judgmental, making the patient feel defensive or pressured to justify their thoughts or actions. Instead, open-ended questions that encourage reflection are preferred.

Giving advice and approval or disapproval: Giving advice or expressing approval/disapproval is non-therapeutic because it shifts the focus away from the patient’s autonomy. These approaches can undermine the patient's ability to make independent decisions or feel validated in their own experiences.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"I’m not able to discuss any patient information with you." This is the most appropriate response as it adheres to the principles of patient confidentiality and HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act). Nurse Laura is legally and ethically obligated to protect patient privacy and must not disclose any information about Mary's health status, treatment, or even the fact that she is a patient at the clinic. By stating that she cannot discuss any patient information, Nurse Laura maintains professional boundaries and ensures that she is compliant with legal requirements regarding patient confidentiality.

The key principle here is that patient information should never be shared without explicit patient consent, regardless of how well-meaning the inquiry might be. Even though the neighbor is asking out of concern, it is crucial to protect Mary's privacy.

Imagine someone asking a bank teller about their friend's account balance. No matter how close they are, the teller is required to keep that information confidential. Similarly, Nurse Laura must maintain strict privacy regarding her patient's health information.

Nurses must be vigilant in protecting patient information, especially in casual social encounters where privacy can easily be compromised. Key considerations include:

• Be clear and firm about the legal and ethical obligation to maintain confidentiality, even with well-meaning friends or family.
• Avoid any casual discussion of patient information outside the clinical setting, even if the person asking is known to the nurse or the patient.
• Always refer to clinic policies or HIPAA guidelines when navigating patient privacy concerns.
• Encourage friends or family members to speak directly to the patient if they are concerned or wish to know more about their well-being.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"If you're concerned, you should ask Mary directly." Although this response may seem appropriate, it indirectly confirms that Mary is a patient at the clinic, which is still a breach of confidentiality. Even subtle acknowledgments of a patient's involvement in care are considered a violation under HIPAA.

"Because you care, I’ll share that she’s improving." This response is an outright violation of HIPAA regulations. Even though the intent may be to reassure the neighbor, sharing any details about the patient's condition—whether positive or negative—without consent is a clear breach of confidentiality.

"As her friend, you know she deserves privacy during this difficult time." While this response acknowledges the need for privacy, it indirectly confirms that Mary is experiencing a "difficult time" and suggests that she is receiving care. This is still a violation of patient confidentiality because it discloses information about the patient’s situation without consent.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"The non-therapeutic technique of giving false reassurance." Nurse Alex’s statement, “Things will look better tomorrow after a good night’s sleep,” is an example of giving false reassurance, which is a non-therapeutic communication technique. False reassurance occurs when the nurse offers a statement that suggests a positive outcome without any basis in reality or factual evidence. Although well-intentioned, this type of response can minimize the patient's feelings and invalidate their current emotional experience, making them feel unheard or misunderstood.

False reassurance can prevent the patient from expressing their true emotions, as they may feel dismissed or reluctant to share their struggles further. In therapeutic communication, it is important to acknowledge the patient’s feelings and provide empathetic, realistic support rather than offering empty reassurances.

False reassurance is like telling someone that a storm will clear up soon when you have no way of knowing. While it may seem comforting, it can make the person feel invalidated when the storm continues, leaving them more frustrated.

Nurses should avoid using false reassurance and instead focus on therapeutic techniques that validate the patient’s feelings and encourage open dialogue. Key strategies include:

• Acknowledge the patient’s feelings by saying something like, “It sounds like you’re going through a really difficult time right now.”
• Encourage the patient to express their thoughts and emotions, offering empathetic responses like, “I’m here to listen if you’d like to talk more about it.”
• Provide realistic and honest support without making promises about outcomes that cannot be guaranteed.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"The therapeutic technique of offering advice." Offering advice is when the nurse suggests solutions or makes recommendations, which is not what Nurse Alex is doing in this case. Instead of giving specific advice, Nurse Alex is offering false reassurance about a future outcome that cannot be guaranteed.

"The therapeutic technique of defending." Defending is when a nurse responds to a patient’s criticism by justifying or protecting someone or something (e.g., defending the hospital or healthcare system). Nurse Alex is not defending anyone in this interaction, so this option does not apply.

"The non-therapeutic technique of presenting reality." Presenting reality involves helping a patient who is experiencing delusions or hallucinations recognize what is real, often by gently correcting false perceptions. Nurse Alex is not presenting reality, but instead providing false reassurance about a situation that cannot be predicted.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Have you considered how this choice might affect your future?" This statement encourages the patient to reflect on the implications of their actions and think about the potential future consequences. By asking a question that invites the patient to consider long-term effects, Nurse Jordan is using a therapeutic communication technique aimed at helping the patient explore the potential impact of their decisions. This approach promotes critical thinking and self-awareness, empowering the patient to make more informed and thoughtful decisions about their personal issue.

Encouraging reflection is key in therapeutic communication because it helps the patient take ownership of their decisions, leading to better outcomes. Rather than telling the patient what to do, Nurse Jordan is facilitating self-exploration, which supports the patient's autonomy and decision-making process.

Asking someone to think about the future is like shining a light on the path ahead, helping them see where their steps might lead and empowering them to choose wisely.

Nurses can help patients develop problem-solving skills by asking reflective questions that guide patients to consider the consequences of their actions. Key strategies include:

• Ask open-ended questions that encourage the patient to explore the potential outcomes of their choices.
• Support the patient in thinking through different scenarios and their potential consequences without providing direct advice.
• Promote self-reflection and self-awareness, helping the patient develop greater confidence in their decision-making abilities.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"You should do what I would do in this situation." This response is advice-giving, which is not therapeutic. It does not promote the patient’s autonomy or critical thinking and shifts the focus to what the nurse would do, rather than allowing the patient to reflect on their own situation.

"It's best to just focus on what feels right in the moment." While this may seem supportive, it encourages the patient to make decisions based solely on present emotions without considering future consequences. It does not promote reflective thinking about the potential impact of their actions.

"Don't worry too much about the consequences; things tend to work out." This response provides false reassurance and dismisses the importance of considering consequences. It does not help the patient reflect on their situation or explore potential outcomes, which is key to effective problem-solving.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"A father regularly checking for new emails." Among the options provided, "A father regularly checking for new emails" is the least likely to be actively conveying a message through actions or expressions. Checking for new emails is primarily an internal task that is not directed toward expressing an emotion, conveying a message, or interacting with others. It represents a routine or habitual activity without an inherent communicative intent.

All other scenarios involve some form of active communication, either through nonverbal cues, emotional expression, or direct messaging. Communication can be verbal (spoken or written) or nonverbal (actions, body language, expressions), but it typically involves conveying a message, intention, or feeling to oneself or others.

Think of communication like sending a signal. Checking emails might be like scanning for signals but not actively sending one. The other examples involve sending clear signals, whether through actions or words.

✘Other answer options explained:

"A mother spanking her son for playing with matches." This is an example of nonverbal communication, where the action of spanking conveys a message of disapproval or discipline to the child. The mother is using physical behavior to express her feelings about the son’s actions.

"A teenage boy isolating himself and playing loud music." Isolation and playing loud music are nonverbal expressions that can communicate feelings of frustration, anger, or the need for space. The boy’s actions send a message about his emotional state, even if he is not directly verbalizing it.

"A biker displaying an eagle tattoo on his biceps." The biker’s tattoo is a form of nonverbal communication. Tattoos often symbolize personal values, beliefs, or identity. In this case, the eagle tattoo may represent freedom, strength, or a personal affiliation, making it a form of self-expression.

"A teenage girl writing, 'No one understands me.'" Writing is a form of verbal communication, and in this case, the girl is directly expressing her feelings of being misunderstood. This is an explicit form of communication that conveys her emotions to others who might read the message.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"You're feeling guilty because you couldn’t save your other children." This response uses the therapeutic communication technique of reflection, where the nurse restates the underlying emotions that the patient is expressing. By reflecting the mother’s feelings of guilt, the nurse helps her process the intense emotions she is experiencing without offering judgment or advice. This response also validates the mother’s emotions, which is a crucial step in therapeutic communication, especially during a crisis or traumatic event.

Guilt is a common emotion following traumatic events, especially when survivors feel they could have done more. By acknowledging her feelings, the nurse provides a safe space for the mother to express her grief and guilt, helping her move toward emotional healing.

Think of reflection like holding up a mirror so that someone can see their emotions more clearly. It helps them acknowledge and begin to process those feelings without feeling judged or dismissed.

When supporting a patient in emotional distress, it is important to validate their feelings and allow them to express their emotions without minimizing or offering premature solutions. Key nursing strategies include:

• Use reflective statements to acknowledge and validate the patient's emotions.
• Provide empathetic, nonjudgmental support during times of crisis to build trust and rapport.
• Avoid offering false reassurance or minimizing the patient's grief, as this can hinder the healing process.
• Encourage the patient to continue expressing their feelings, which can help alleviate emotional distress.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"The smoke was too thick. You couldn’t have gone back in." This response provides a logical explanation but fails to address the mother's emotional distress. While the statement may be factually accurate, it dismisses her feelings of guilt and does not help her process the overwhelming grief she is experiencing.

"Think about the fact that you could have lost all four of your children." This response is inappropriate because it minimizes the loss of the two children and focuses on what could have happened, rather than the reality of her grief. It may come across as dismissive or invalidating, which can worsen the mother's emotional state.

"It’s best to avoid thinking about what happened and try to move on." This response encourages emotional suppression, which is not therapeutic. Telling the mother to avoid thinking about the trauma can prevent her from processing her grief and could lead to prolonged emotional distress or unresolved trauma.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"It sounds like you've felt like a failure for some time?” This response is an example of therapeutic communication because it encourages the patient to explore their feelings in a nonjudgmental, empathetic manner. Reflective statements like this one help patients feel heard and understood, which is crucial when dealing with someone experiencing depression. By reflecting on the patient’s feelings, Nurse Sarah is providing an opportunity for the patient to further express their emotions, which can be the first step toward therapeutic healing.

This technique is grounded in principles of active listening and reflective communication, both of which are essential in psychiatric nursing. It avoids giving advice or making judgments, which can sometimes shut down communication rather than encourage it. This open-ended approach allows the patient to talk more about their emotions, helping the nurse better understand the patient's mental state while fostering trust.

Think of therapeutic communication like a mirror. The nurse reflects the patient’s feelings back to them, helping the patient see their emotions more clearly, just as a mirror helps us see our reflection. By gently restating or reflecting the patient's own words, the nurse helps them process and clarify their emotions.

Nursing interventions play a critical role in supporting a patient experiencing major depression. In cases like these, the focus is on encouraging the patient to open up about their feelings while ensuring their emotional and physical safety. Below are essential nursing considerations for fostering therapeutic communication:

• Use therapeutic communication techniques such as active listening, reflection, and silence to encourage the patient to express their thoughts and feelings.
• Maintain a nonjudgmental attitude to help the patient feel safe and understood.
• Monitor the patient's safety and assess for any ongoing suicidal ideation or risk.
• Encourage the patient to engage in discussions about their feelings without rushing them to come up with solutions or dismissing their experiences.

✘Incorrect answer options:

“You have so much to live for.” While this response may seem positive, it dismisses the patient's feelings of hopelessness and may minimize the depth of their depression. It might also make the patient feel misunderstood or invalidated, which can hinder further communication. This is known as false reassurance, a communication block that discourages patients from opening up.

“Why do you think you’re a failure?” This response is not therapeutic because it could come across as confrontational or judgmental, potentially making the patient feel defensive. Asking “why” questions can imply blame or force the patient to justify their emotions, which might shut down communication rather than promote it.

“These feelings are part of depression.” While factually accurate, this response could sound dismissive. The patient might feel as though their emotions are being generalized or brushed off as part of a condition, rather than having their unique experience acknowledged. It's important to first validate the patient’s individual feelings before educating them about their condition.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"It seems like you’re speaking to someone I can’t see." This statement demonstrates the therapeutic communication technique of making observations. In this technique, the nurse comments on what they notice about the patient's behavior or environment without making judgments or assumptions. Nurse Tina observes that the client appears to be speaking to someone who is not visible, which could suggest the presence of hallucinations. By making this observation, Nurse Tina creates an opportunity for the client to elaborate on their experience, helping to assess whether hallucinations are present.

Making observations is a useful technique in psychiatric care because it encourages the patient to discuss their experience without feeling confronted or judged. It also demonstrates that the nurse is actively engaged in understanding the patient's reality.

Making an observation is like noticing someone is wearing a jacket inside and saying, “It looks like you’re feeling cold.” It’s a neutral way of pointing something out to start a conversation, without assuming how they feel.

When working with patients experiencing hallucinations or delusions, it is important for the nurse to use nonjudgmental language that encourages the patient to share their perspective. Observations can help build trust and open lines of communication. Key nursing strategies include:

• Make neutral, nonjudgmental observations about the patient’s behavior or environment to invite further discussion.
• Avoid direct confrontation of the hallucination (e.g., “There’s no one there”), which could lead to defensiveness or distress for the patient.
• Gently explore the patient’s experience to assess the nature and impact of the hallucinations on their well-being.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Can you explain what you're seeing right now?" This question directs the patient to describe their hallucination, which may be useful in assessing symptoms, but it is not an observation. It is an inquiry rather than a neutral statement about the patient's behavior.

"Why do you keep looking over at the corner of the room?" This question can feel confrontational and might make the patient feel defensive. Additionally, asking “why” can imply that the patient needs to justify their behavior, which can disrupt therapeutic communication.

"Try humming a tune, it might help lessen the distraction of the voices." This is a suggestion or advice, aimed at offering a coping mechanism for auditory hallucinations, but it is not an observation. While it may be helpful in certain contexts, it does not reflect the therapeutic technique of making observations.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Verbalizing the implied and the defense mechanism of denial." Nurse Jenna uses the therapeutic communication technique of verbalizing the implied by observing the client’s behavior (slamming the door) and expressing that the client seems angry. This technique involves stating what the nurse perceives from the client's actions or words without making assumptions, which encourages the client to reflect on their feelings and behaviors. The client, in turn, demonstrates the defense mechanism of denial, as they reject or refuse to acknowledge their anger, even though their behavior (slamming the door) suggests otherwise.

Denial is a common defense mechanism where individuals unconsciously refuse to recognize or admit distressing emotions or realities. In this case, the client’s behavior strongly indicates anger, but they consciously or unconsciously deny feeling that way.

Denial is like ignoring a fire alarm that's ringing right in front of you. Even though the signs (anger) are evident, the person refuses to acknowledge what’s happening.

When a patient demonstrates denial, it is important to avoid confrontation and instead encourage further exploration of their feelings. Therapeutic techniques should be used to help the patient gradually recognize their emotions. Key strategies include:

• Use observations to point out the client’s behaviors without directly confronting their denial, allowing space for self-reflection.
• Provide a supportive and nonjudgmental environment to encourage the patient to safely express their emotions.
• Avoid pushing the patient too hard to admit their feelings, as this can increase resistance and reinforce the defense mechanism.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Making observations and the defense mechanism of suppression." Making observations involves the nurse stating what they notice about the patient’s behavior (e.g., “You’re slamming the door”), but this is not what Nurse Jenna does. Instead, she verbalizes the implied emotion behind the behavior (anger). Also, suppression involves consciously pushing away feelings or thoughts, which is not reflected here. The client is unconsciously denying their anger, indicating denial, not suppression.

"Reflection and the defense mechanism of projection." Reflection involves the nurse repeating or reflecting back the patient’s own words or feelings to encourage further exploration. Nurse Jenna does not simply reflect but instead verbalizes what the client’s behavior implies. Additionally, projection involves attributing one’s own feelings or impulses onto others, which is not occurring here. The client is denying their own feelings, not projecting them onto someone else.

"Encouraging descriptions of perceptions and the defense mechanism of displacement." Encouraging descriptions of perceptions typically involves asking the patient to describe how they see or perceive a situation, which is not what Nurse Jenna does in this scenario. Furthermore, displacement involves redirecting emotions from their original source to another person or object (e.g., being angry at a boss but taking it out on someone else). The client is not displacing their anger; they are denying it.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"It sounds like you feel that your mother doesn't want you to return home?" This response uses the therapeutic communication technique of reflection, which involves restating the patient’s expressed feelings in a way that encourages them to explore their emotions further. By reflecting on the patient’s statement, Nurse Alexis is acknowledging the patient’s emotions and providing an opportunity for them to elaborate on their feelings of sadness and rejection. This approach demonstrates active listening and helps the patient feel heard and understood, which is crucial in therapeutic communication.

Reflective statements like this encourage the patient to open up and process their emotions more deeply, facilitating greater insight into their concerns and potentially leading to more effective problem-solving or coping strategies.

Think of reflection like holding up a mirror for someone—they can see their own emotions more clearly and understand them better. It encourages the person to explore their feelings without being told what to think or do.

When a patient expresses feelings of sadness or rejection, it is important to validate their emotions and create a safe space for them to process their feelings. Key strategies include:

• Use reflective statements to acknowledge the patient’s feelings without making assumptions or judgments.
• Encourage the patient to elaborate on their emotions and concerns by providing a non-judgmental, empathetic response.
• Avoid offering premature solutions or advice, allowing the patient to explore their feelings at their own pace.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Many clients often feel that way after being in the hospital for an extended time." While this response is empathetic, it generalizes the patient's experience and does not focus on their specific feelings. It may come across as dismissive and does not encourage the patient to explore their unique concerns about their relationship with their mother.

"Why don’t you try speaking with your mother? She may not feel that way at all." This response offers advice without first acknowledging or validating the patient’s feelings. It also dismisses the patient’s expressed emotions by suggesting that the mother’s feelings might not be accurate, which could undermine the patient’s trust in the nurse.

"Your mother seems compassionate. I can help you talk to her." This statement makes assumptions about the mother’s character without addressing the patient’s feelings. It shifts the focus to resolving the situation without first allowing the patient to express and process their emotions, which is essential in therapeutic communication.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answers:

In this scenario, Nurse Paul may face legal consequences for his actions because applying physical restraints to a voluntarily admitted client without proper justification can violate the patient's rights. The following legal consequences may apply:

Battery: Battery refers to any intentional, non-consensual physical contact with another person that is harmful or offensive. By restraining the client without consent or legal justification, Nurse Paul could be accused of battery, as he physically touched the patient in a way that was harmful or offensive.

Assault: Assault is the act of threatening or attempting to make harmful or offensive contact with another person, causing them to fear for their safety. If Nurse Paul’s actions caused the client to fear that they would be physically harmed, this could be considered assault, even if no actual harm occurred.

False imprisonment: False imprisonment occurs when someone is confined or restrained against their will without legal justification. Since the client was voluntarily admitted and requested to be discharged, restraining them without proper cause could be viewed as false imprisonment, as it prevents the client from leaving freely.

These actions are like holding someone against their will in a locked room even though they were free to leave, and threatening to harm them if they tried to leave. Both the act and the threat are legally problematic.

In situations involving patient restraint, nurses must always ensure they are following proper legal and ethical guidelines. Voluntarily admitted patients generally have the right to request discharge unless they are deemed a danger to themselves or others. Key strategies include:

• Assess the patient’s risk for harm to self or others before applying restraints, ensuring proper justification for restrictive interventions.
• Follow facility protocols and obtain necessary orders from a healthcare provider when considering restraints.
• Document all behaviors leading to the use of restraints, as well as any efforts made to de-escalate the situation before restraining the patient.
• Communicate clearly with the patient and explain the need for any restrictive interventions to avoid legal consequences and promote transparency.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Libel: Libel refers to the act of making false written statements that harm another person's reputation. This does not apply here, as the scenario involves physical restraint, not written defamation.

Slander: Slander involves making false spoken statements that damage another person’s reputation. Since this scenario involves physical actions (restraining the patient), not verbal defamation, slander is not relevant.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"You’re angry because your family keeps hoping for a cure?” This response uses therapeutic communication by employing reflection, a key technique in nursing where the nurse restates the patient's emotions to encourage further exploration of their feelings. Nurse Carla reflects the patient’s expressed anger, which validates their emotions without judgment and provides an opportunity for the patient to elaborate. This approach shows empathy and active listening, both of which are essential when dealing with a terminally ill patient who is experiencing frustration and emotional distress.

By acknowledging the patient's anger and linking it to the situation with their family, Nurse Carla opens the door for the patient to discuss their feelings more deeply. This can help the patient feel understood and may facilitate a conversation about how they want to handle their family’s optimism or how to address their emotions with loved ones.

Think of reflection like holding up a mirror to someone’s emotions. By reflecting their feelings back to them, they are encouraged to explore their own thoughts and express themselves further. It shows that you are listening and helps them feel validated.

When caring for terminally ill patients, it is essential to offer emotional support and help them process their feelings, particularly as they navigate complex emotions such as anger, fear, or frustration. Therapeutic communication techniques like reflection can help facilitate this process. Key nursing strategies include:

• Use reflection and active listening to validate the patient’s feelings and promote emotional expression.
• Avoid providing false reassurance or offering solutions that may not align with the patient’s reality.
• Assess the patient's emotional and psychological state to ensure they have appropriate support as they cope with terminal illness.
• Encourage open communication between the patient and their family, helping them express their feelings and wishes.

✘Incorrect answer options:

“Have you talked about your feelings with your family?” This response shifts the focus away from the patient’s current emotional expression and onto a future action, which may feel dismissive. While it is important to encourage family communication, it is more therapeutic in this moment to reflect the patient's feelings and allow them to continue processing their emotions before suggesting solutions or actions.

“We should discuss your anger with your family more.” This response prematurely moves to action by suggesting that the patient’s anger needs to be addressed directly with the family. It may come across as dismissive of the patient’s current emotions and may also seem like the nurse is directing the patient toward a specific course of action, rather than allowing them to process their feelings at their own pace.

“You’re likely feeling very depressed, which is understandable.” This response labels the patient’s emotional state as depression, which could feel minimizing or inaccurate. The patient is expressing anger, not necessarily depression, and labeling their emotions could lead to miscommunication or make the patient feel invalidated. It is important to reflect the patient's expressed emotion (anger) rather than interpreting it as something else.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"During the group, you raised your voice, yelled at a peer, left, and slammed the door." This statement provides clear, objective, and nonjudgmental feedback by describing the specific behaviors the client exhibited during the session. The feedback focuses on observable actions without making assumptions about the client's motives or character. This approach helps the client understand exactly what behaviors were problematic, promoting self-awareness and reflection, which is crucial when working with clients diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).

In therapeutic communication, giving behavior-specific feedback allows the client to reflect on their actions without feeling judged, which can lead to more constructive discussions about how to manage emotions and improve behavior in the future.

Imagine telling someone, "You left the room suddenly and slammed the door," instead of saying, "You were being rude." The first helps the person focus on their behavior, while the second could feel like an attack on their character.

When giving feedback to clients, particularly those with antisocial personality disorder, it is important to stay neutral, focusing on actions rather than emotions or character traits. This reduces defensiveness and promotes open communication. Key strategies include:

• Provide clear and objective descriptions of the behavior without assigning blame or interpreting the client’s motives.
• Avoid using judgmental or emotionally charged language, as this can provoke a defensive response.
• Encourage the client to reflect on the behavior and explore alternative ways of managing anger or frustration in future situations.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Why do you keep pushing your peers away with these angry outbursts?" This statement uses a "why" question, which can feel accusatory and may lead the client to feel defensive. It also focuses on interpreting the client’s behavior (pushing peers away), which may not be accurate or helpful in promoting constructive dialogue.

"You don't achieve anything by losing your temper like that." This statement is judgmental and dismissive, implying that the client’s emotions are unproductive. It doesn’t offer specific feedback about the behavior itself, making it less helpful in fostering self-reflection or change.

"Acting out in anger like this is both childish and insensitive." This feedback is judgmental and criticizes the client’s character, labeling their behavior as “childish” and “insensitive.” Such statements can provoke defensiveness and hinder therapeutic communication, making it difficult for the client to reflect on their actions constructively.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Denial. The patient is demonstrating denial, which is a defense mechanism where an individual refuses to accept reality or facts, blocking external events from awareness. In this case, the patient is standing at the exit door, insisting that they do not have a problem and that they don’t belong in the mental health unit. By refusing to acknowledge their condition or the need for hospitalization, the patient is using denial to protect themselves from the anxiety and distress that might arise from accepting their mental health status.

Denial is common in patients with psychiatric conditions, especially those experiencing psychotic behavior or disorders like schizophrenia, where insight into one's illness may be impaired. It serves as a way for the individual to avoid confronting uncomfortable truths, often leading to behaviors like rejecting treatment or denying the need for help.

Imagine someone driving and ignoring the "check engine" light on their car dashboard because they don’t want to deal with the problem. They convince themselves the car is fine, even though ignoring the issue could make things worse. Similarly, denial helps people avoid facing difficult truths, but it also prevents them from addressing their underlying problems.

When a patient is using denial, the nurse should focus on maintaining safety and rapport while gently guiding the patient toward a better understanding of their condition. Forcefully confronting the denial may lead to increased resistance, so therapeutic communication is key. The nurse should use strategies to encourage the patient to reflect on their thoughts while ensuring a supportive and non-threatening environment. Key nursing strategies include:

• Use therapeutic communication to encourage the patient to express their feelings and concerns without directly challenging the denial.
• Provide reassurance and explain that the hospital setting is a safe place designed to help them, emphasizing that their well-being is the priority.
• Maintain patient safety, as patients in denial may attempt to leave or refuse treatment.
• Collaborate with the healthcare team to develop a plan for gradually helping the patient gain insight into their condition.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Projection: Projection occurs when an individual attributes their own unacceptable thoughts or feelings onto someone else. For example, a patient may accuse others of feeling angry or hostile when they themselves are struggling with those emotions. In this case, the patient is not projecting their feelings onto another person, so this is not the correct defense mechanism.

Regression: Regression involves reverting to behaviors from an earlier developmental stage when faced with stress or conflict. An example would be an adult who begins acting like a child during stressful situations. The patient's behavior in this scenario does not indicate a return to earlier developmental behavior, so regression is not the correct answer.

Rationalization: Rationalization involves justifying or explaining unacceptable behavior or feelings in a way that seems logical or reasonable. The individual often provides excuses or reasons to avoid confronting the real cause of their distress. The patient is not trying to provide a logical explanation for their situation but is rather denying the existence of any problem altogether, which excludes rationalization as the correct answer.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"To provide the client with important information." The primary purpose of providing feedback in a therapeutic setting is to offer the client important information that will help them reflect on their behavior, thoughts, or actions. Feedback should be constructive, specific, and aimed at promoting self-awareness and growth. It is not about giving advice or directing behavior but rather about helping the client recognize their own patterns and encouraging them to make informed decisions about how they want to proceed.

In this context, feedback serves as a tool to foster the client's self-understanding and insight, allowing them to see the impact of their actions or behaviors from an outside perspective. It also provides the client with an opportunity to explore alternative behaviors or approaches if needed.

Providing feedback is like holding up a mirror for someone so they can see themselves more clearly. The goal is to give them the information they need to understand their behavior, not to tell them what to do or judge them.

When providing feedback to a client, the nurse should aim to be clear, objective, and supportive, ensuring that the feedback encourages self-reflection and growth. Key nursing strategies include:

• Offer feedback in a neutral, nonjudgmental manner to help the client recognize their behavior or actions without feeling criticized.
• Encourage the client to reflect on the feedback and consider how they might want to adjust their behavior or approach in the future.
• Use feedback as an opportunity to promote self-awareness and empower the client to make informed decisions about their care and actions.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"To offer the client helpful advice." While offering advice may be helpful in some situations, this is not the primary purpose of therapeutic feedback. Feedback is intended to provide the client with information about their behavior so they can reflect and make their own decisions, rather than simply offering advice on what they should do.

"To direct the client toward suitable behaviors." Feedback should not be about directing or controlling the client’s actions. Instead, it should focus on providing information that helps the client reflect on their behavior and choose how they want to move forward. Directing the client may limit their autonomy and ability to make their own decisions.

"To assess and evaluate the client’s actions." Although feedback can provide insight into the client’s actions, the primary purpose is not to evaluate or assess. Rather, it is to offer information that the client can use to gain self-awareness and insight. The goal is to support the client’s reflection and growth, not to pass judgment or make an evaluation.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"It sounds like you've been feeling sad and alone for quite a while?" This response uses the therapeutic communication technique of reflection, which encourages the patient to explore and express their emotions further. By reflecting on the patient’s feelings of sadness and loneliness, Nurse Sara is validating the patient’s experience and showing empathy without minimizing their feelings. This approach gently invites the patient to continue sharing their thoughts in a nonjudgmental and supportive manner, which is crucial in helping someone who is feeling worthless or suicidal.

This type of response helps build trust and opens the door for deeper discussion, which can lead to better understanding of the patient's emotional state and provide an opportunity for therapeutic intervention.

Reflecting the patient’s feelings is like holding up a mirror for them to see and explore their emotions, allowing them to express and process their feelings in a safe environment.

When a patient expresses feelings of worthlessness or suicidal ideation, it is important to respond with empathy and encourage the patient to express their emotions fully. Key strategies include:

• Use reflective statements to acknowledge the patient's emotions and encourage further discussion.
• Avoid offering premature solutions or reassurance that could minimize the patient’s experience.
• Assess for suicidal ideation by gently encouraging the patient to elaborate on their thoughts and feelings.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"How do you think your family would feel if you died?" This response may increase the patient’s guilt and is not likely to encourage further exploration of the patient’s feelings. It can also shift the focus away from the patient’s emotions and onto their family, which is not helpful when the goal is to help the patient express their own thoughts.

"You feel worthless right now, but that can change in time." While this response acknowledges the patient’s feelings, it is premature reassurance and suggests that the patient’s feelings will automatically change without fully exploring the current emotions. It can minimize the patient’s experience and shut down further discussion.

"It’s really good that you decided to come here for help." While supportive, this response offers premature praise and shifts focus away from the patient’s immediate emotional distress. It may not encourage the patient to explore their feelings of worthlessness further, which is critical for addressing the underlying issue.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

O - Open posture. The O in the SOLER acronym stands for Open posture. This nonverbal behavior involves keeping the arms and legs uncrossed during communication, which conveys that the nurse is open and receptive to what the patient is saying. An open posture helps create a welcoming, nonjudgmental atmosphere and encourages the patient to feel comfortable sharing their thoughts and feelings.

The SOLER model is often used to describe key elements of active listening in therapeutic communication. Each letter in the acronym stands for a different component of effective nonverbal communication:

• S: Sit squarely facing the patient.
• O: Maintain an open posture, avoiding crossed arms or legs.
• L: Lean slightly toward the patient, showing interest.
• E: Establish eye contact, while being mindful of cultural differences.
• R: Relax, to ensure that your body language is calm and supportive.

Think of an open posture like an open door—just as an open door invites people in, an open posture invites the patient to feel safe and understood during the conversation.

Active listening through both verbal and nonverbal behaviors helps build trust and fosters therapeutic communication between the nurse and the patient. Using the SOLER model ensures that the nurse is fully engaged in the interaction. Key nursing strategies include:

• Use open posture to show that you are fully attentive and receptive to the patient’s concerns.
• Ensure all components of SOLER are applied during patient interactions to enhance therapeutic communication.
• Be mindful of cultural differences when applying nonverbal communication strategies, such as eye contact or posture.

✘Incorrect answer options:

S: S in the SOLER acronym stands for Sit squarely facing the patient, indicating that the nurse should position themselves directly in front of the patient, signaling full attention and engagement. While important, this is not related to open posture.

L: L stands for Lean slightly toward the patient, demonstrating interest and attentiveness. While leaning forward is part of active listening, it is not related to keeping arms and legs uncrossed.

E: E stands for Eye contact, which indicates maintaining appropriate eye contact to show engagement, but not related to posture.

R: R stands for Relax, meaning that the nurse’s body language should be calm and non-defensive. While relaxation is important, it is not specifically about having an open posture.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"To explore the patient's needs, thoughts, or experiences." The primary purpose of asking the patient “What can we do to help you?” is to explore the patient’s needs, thoughts, or experiences. This open-ended question invites the patient to share their concerns, goals, or challenges in their own words, which is essential in therapeutic communication. By encouraging the patient to express what they need or what they’re thinking, Nurse Laura can gather crucial information that will guide the care plan and help build a collaborative relationship.

This approach also demonstrates respect for the patient's autonomy and preferences, helping to ensure that the care provided aligns with the patient's specific needs and concerns.

Asking a patient what you can do to help them is like opening a door for them to walk through at their own pace, allowing them to share what's most important to them first.

Exploring the patient's needs is essential in the initial phase of care, allowing the nurse to tailor interventions that are patient-centered and appropriate. Key strategies include:

• Use open-ended questions to encourage the patient to share their thoughts, concerns, and goals in a nonjudgmental environment.
• Actively listen to the patient’s responses to ensure that their needs are understood and addressed in the care plan.
• Engage the patient in a collaborative discussion about their treatment and care preferences, empowering them to take an active role in their recovery process.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"To help the patient reframe their perspective on mental health treatment." While the question is supportive and patient-centered, it does not focus on changing the patient’s perspective or reframing their thoughts on mental health treatment. Instead, it aims to gather information about the patient’s needs.

"To make the patient feel more comfortable in the new environment." While therapeutic communication can help make a patient feel more comfortable, the primary purpose of this particular question is to explore the patient’s needs, rather than solely focusing on comfort.

"To convey that the nurse is actively listening to the patient." Although this question does promote active listening, the main purpose is to encourage the patient to share their needs or thoughts, rather than simply demonstrating that the nurse is listening.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Yes, I see. Please continue." This statement demonstrates the therapeutic communication technique of offering a general lead. General leads are brief verbal prompts that encourage the patient to keep talking without directing the conversation in any specific way. This approach shows active listening and provides the patient with an opportunity to elaborate on their thoughts, experiences, or feelings at their own pace.

General leads help facilitate open communication and empower the patient to share more of their story, which can be particularly useful during psychiatric assessments. The nurse’s role in using general leads is to foster an environment of trust and nonjudgmental listening.

Think of a general lead like giving a gentle nudge in a conversation to keep it going, without pushing the person in a specific direction. It encourages them to continue sharing on their own terms.

General leads are especially useful when a patient needs encouragement to open up about their situation. This technique avoids making assumptions or leading the patient in a specific direction, allowing the patient to control the flow of information. Key nursing strategies when using general leads include:

• Offer simple phrases like “Go on,” “I’m listening,” or “Please continue” to show the patient you are engaged and interested in their narrative.
• Avoid asking closed-ended or leading questions that might limit the patient’s response or focus the conversation on specific topics prematurely.
• Maintain a supportive and empathetic demeanor to create a safe space for the patient to share freely.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Do you understand why you've been admitted?" This is a direct question rather than a general lead. While it may be important to assess the patient’s understanding of their situation, this question directs the conversation in a specific direction and limits the patient's response to explaining their admission.

"Are you experiencing feelings of depression or anxiety?" This is a closed-ended question that directs the patient to respond about specific emotions, rather than offering an open-ended invitation to share. It limits the patient’s ability to freely discuss their thoughts and experiences.

"Can you describe the events that led to your admission, in order?" This is a directive and structured question, asking the patient to follow a specific order when describing their experiences. While it may help gather important information, it is not a general lead that encourages the patient to freely explore their thoughts.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Helping formulate a plan of action." Nurse Sarah is using the therapeutic communication technique of helping formulate a plan of action. By asking the patient about alternatives to drinking for managing anxiety, she is encouraging the patient to explore healthier coping mechanisms. This approach gently prompts the patient to think about strategies other than alcohol and suggests a focus on developing a plan to address their anxiety in a more constructive way.

Formulating a plan of action is important in therapeutic communication because it empowers the patient to take control of their situation and consider alternative behaviors. It helps the patient shift from relying on maladaptive coping mechanisms, like alcohol use, to healthier methods for managing anxiety. This technique also aligns with patient-centered care, supporting the patient in developing self-efficacy.

Think of formulating a plan of action like helping someone prepare for a challenge, such as packing for a trip. You’re guiding them to think about what they need to succeed and how to handle obstacles, instead of focusing on old habits that might not serve them well.

When helping a patient formulate a plan of action, the nurse should guide the patient through a process of identifying alternatives and promoting positive change. Key nursing strategies include:

• Encourage the patient to explore healthy alternatives for coping with anxiety or stress.
• Collaborate with the patient to set achievable goals and steps toward reducing reliance on maladaptive behaviors, such as alcohol use.
• Reinforce the importance of seeking professional help if needed, such as therapy or counseling, to address the root causes of anxiety.
• Monitor the patient’s progress and provide ongoing support as they work through their plan of action.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Reflecting on the patient’s feelings." Reflecting involves restating or summarizing the patient’s feelings to help them explore and understand their emotions. In this case, Nurse Sarah is not focusing on reflecting the patient’s emotions but instead guiding them toward considering alternative coping strategies.

"Making observations about the situation." Making observations involves the nurse commenting on what they notice about the patient’s behavior or situation (e.g., “I notice you seem upset when you talk about your anxiety”). Nurse Sarah is not making an observation about the patient’s behavior but is instead prompting the patient to think about alternatives to alcohol.

"Giving recognition for patient behavior." Giving recognition focuses on acknowledging the patient’s efforts or behaviors in a nonjudgmental way (e.g., “I see that you’ve been trying to manage your anxiety”). While recognizing patient efforts is important, Nurse Sarah’s response is more focused on encouraging the patient to consider new approaches to managing anxiety.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Making the necessary referrals." During the termination phase of the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship, the nurse’s focus shifts to ensuring that the patient has the resources and support they need after the relationship ends. This includes making the necessary referrals to other healthcare providers, support services, or community resources. The goal is to ensure that the patient can maintain their progress and continue receiving care after discharge or the conclusion of the therapeutic relationship.

The termination phase involves reflecting on the progress that has been made and preparing the patient for independence. Referrals ensure continuity of care, which is a critical task to help patients transition smoothly to the next phase of their care plan. Nurse Evelyn should prioritize connecting the patient with ongoing support systems, such as outpatient services, support groups, or specialized care, depending on the patient's needs.

Think of the termination phase like a teacher preparing a student for graduation. The teacher ensures the student has the information and resources needed to succeed beyond school. Similarly, Nurse Evelyn makes referrals to ensure the patient is supported after they leave the therapeutic relationship.

The termination phase is an important part of the therapeutic process, allowing both the nurse and patient to reflect on their time together while planning for the future. The focus is on preparing the patient for the end of the relationship, ensuring they have the tools and resources to maintain their progress. Key nursing tasks include:

• Make necessary referrals to healthcare providers, therapists, community resources, or support services to ensure continuity of care.
• Review the progress made during the relationship and celebrate achievements with the patient.
• Discuss any feelings of loss or separation the patient may have about the termination of the relationship.
• Empower the patient to utilize the skills they have learned during therapy to manage future challenges independently.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Establishing short-term goals." Establishing goals is typically done during the orientation or working phase of the nurse-patient relationship, not in the termination phase. During the termination phase, the focus is on reflecting on progress and ensuring a smooth transition, rather than setting new goals.

"Creating practical solutions." Creating solutions to problems typically occurs during the working phase, when the nurse and patient collaborate on addressing specific issues or challenges. By the termination phase, the focus should shift to ensuring the patient can continue managing independently, with referrals to support ongoing care if needed.

"Defining expected outcomes." Expected outcomes are usually established earlier in the therapeutic relationship, particularly during the orientation or working phases. In the termination phase, the outcomes should have already been assessed, and the nurse's focus is more on transitioning care and ensuring the patient has the appropriate resources for continued support.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Monitor closely for any risk of harm to self or others." The highest priority for a patient who has been involuntarily admitted to a mental health unit is ensuring their safety, as this type of admission typically occurs due to concerns about the patient posing a risk to themselves or others. Involuntary admission is usually based on the patient's inability to make safe decisions or their potential danger, meaning that close monitoring for any suicidal, self-harming, or aggressive behaviors is crucial in the initial phase of care.

Patients who are involuntarily admitted often experience high levels of distress, confusion, or agitation, and their mental state may fluctuate. Therefore, observing the patient for signs of escalating behavior or thoughts of harm is essential to prevent injury and ensure appropriate interventions are initiated. The nurse should conduct frequent assessments and maintain a safe environment to protect the patient and others.

Imagine that someone is driving erratically and they’re pulled over to prevent an accident. The priority for anyone helping them is to ensure they can safely stay on the road. Similarly, for an involuntarily admitted patient, the nurse’s primary goal is to ensure their safety before addressing other concerns.

Managing a patient who is involuntarily admitted requires heightened awareness of their mental state and behaviors. Safety, both for the patient and for others, is always the top priority. Key nursing strategies include:

• Monitor the patient closely for any signs of self-harm, suicidal ideation, or aggression toward others.
• Conduct frequent mental status assessments to evaluate any changes in the patient’s risk level.
• Maintain a therapeutic, non-threatening environment to reduce the patient’s anxiety and agitation.
• Collaborate with the interdisciplinary team to develop and update a safety plan as needed.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Help the patient complete an application for voluntary admission." While some patients may eventually transition from involuntary to voluntary admission, this is not the immediate priority. The focus should first be on the patient's safety and stabilization, not on completing paperwork for voluntary admission, especially if the patient is in crisis or unable to make decisions regarding their care.

"Provide written materials about their mental health condition." While education about the patient's mental health condition is important, it is not the priority during the initial phase of involuntary admission. Patients may be too distressed or disoriented to process written information. The nurse should focus first on ensuring the patient’s safety and then on stabilization before providing educational materials.

"Facilitate a family discussion about why they believed admission was necessary." Although family involvement is valuable in mental health care, this is not the most immediate priority after involuntary admission. The patient’s safety and mental state must be stabilized first before initiating discussions with the family about the circumstances surrounding the admission.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Let’s talk about and explore all of your options." This response is the most appropriate because it promotes patient autonomy and encourages the client to explore their feelings and options without providing direct advice or judgment. Clients with dependent personality disorder often struggle with making decisions and rely on others for guidance. By encouraging the client to explore their options, the nurse helps foster critical thinking and independence, which are crucial for the client’s growth. This approach aligns with therapeutic communication principles, where the focus is on empowering the client to make their own decisions rather than relying on the nurse’s opinion.

This response also supports the client’s self-determination and encourages open dialogue, allowing the client to reflect on their situation and evaluate the best course of action for themselves.

Think of helping someone choose between different paths by giving them a map and discussing their options, rather than telling them which road to take. This helps them build confidence in their own ability to make choices.

When working with clients who have dependent personality disorder, it’s important to encourage self-reliance and decision-making skills. This helps clients build confidence in their ability to manage their own lives. Key strategies include:

• Encourage the patient to identify and explore different options before making a decision.
• Avoid giving direct advice, which can reinforce dependency on others for decision-making.
• Help the client weigh the pros and cons of various choices to support independent thinking.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"It would be best to do that to help you become more independent." This response gives direct advice, which is not helpful for a client with dependent personality disorder. It undermines the goal of fostering independence by continuing the client’s reliance on external opinions to make decisions.

"Why would you want to leave a secure home?" This question could be perceived as dismissive and discourages the client from exploring their desire to become more independent. It also implies that staying at home is the best option without considering the client's own thoughts and feelings.

"I think you might feel too guilty if you left your parents." This statement assumes how the client might feel and could discourage the client from making a decision to move forward. It also reinforces the client’s dependence on others, rather than encouraging them to explore and evaluate their own emotions and thoughts.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Sitting squarely and directly facing the client." Sitting squarely and directly facing the client is a key nonverbal behavior that promotes effective communication. This posture demonstrates that the nurse is fully engaged, attentive, and open to what the client is saying. It is a part of the SOLER framework (Sit squarely, Open posture, Lean forward, Eye contact, Relax), a widely recommended model for fostering therapeutic communication. By sitting squarely, the nurse creates a direct, supportive connection with the client, which helps to build rapport and trust.

This posture signals that the nurse is interested in and focused on the client, helping to facilitate open and honest communication.

Sitting squarely facing a person is like facing someone directly during a game of catch—you’re fully engaged and ready to receive what they throw at you, showing that you’re attentive and present.

Nonverbal behaviors are just as important as verbal communication in nursing. Ensuring that the nurse’s body language is supportive and open helps to create a therapeutic environment where the client feels heard and understood. Key strategies include:

• Sit squarely facing the client to convey attentiveness and readiness to listen.
• Maintain a relaxed and open posture (no crossed arms or legs) to avoid creating barriers to communication.
• Use appropriate eye contact, leaning slightly toward the client to show interest and engagement.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Maintaining indirect eye contact with the client." While maintaining some eye contact is important, indirect eye contact can make the nurse seem disinterested or disengaged. Direct, but culturally appropriate, eye contact is usually more effective in promoting open communication.

"Creating distance by leaning back away from the client." Leaning back away from the client can create physical and emotional distance, making the client feel that the nurse is uninterested or disengaged. Instead, leaning slightly forward shows that the nurse is interested and actively listening.

"Maintaining an open posture with arms and legs crossed." Crossing arms and legs signals defensiveness or closed-off body language, which can inhibit communication. An open posture, with uncrossed arms and legs, is more inviting and fosters a sense of openness and engagement.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"I understand the voices feel real to you, but I don't hear anything." This response is therapeutic because it validates Mr. Greene's experience while also gently presenting reality. Nurse Lauren is acknowledging that the voices feel real to him, which demonstrates empathy and understanding. At the same time, she is helping the patient maintain contact with reality by stating that she does not hear the voices herself. This approach aligns with the therapeutic communication technique of presenting reality, which is commonly used when working with patients who experience hallucinations. The goal is to validate the patient’s feelings without reinforcing the hallucination, thereby fostering trust and maintaining a therapeutic relationship.

By acknowledging the patient's experience and clarifying what is real, Nurse Lauren helps Mr. Greene feel supported while gently encouraging him to differentiate between the hallucination and reality.

It’s like acknowledging that someone sees something in a dream, but gently reminding them that it's not actually happening in the real world. You support them without reinforcing the dream as reality.

When caring for patients who experience auditory hallucinations, it’s important to acknowledge their feelings while helping them stay grounded in reality. Key strategies include:

• Use statements that validate the patient’s experience, while providing reality orientation to help distinguish hallucinations from reality.
• Maintain a calm, nonjudgmental approach to foster trust and reduce anxiety related to hallucinations.
• Monitor the patient for signs of distress related to hallucinations and provide ongoing support and reassurance.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"My sister has the same condition, and she also hears voices." This response focuses on the nurse's personal experience, which may distract from the patient's feelings. While it may be well-intentioned, it shifts the focus away from Mr. Greene’s current experience and does not offer support or reality orientation.

"Why not turn up the radio to drown out the voices?" This response dismisses the patient’s experience and suggests an external distraction instead of addressing the underlying issue. It may make the patient feel that their concerns are being minimized and could reduce trust in the nurse-patient relationship.

"Don't worry about the voices; the medication will take them away." This is an example of false reassurance, which dismisses the patient’s current distress. It doesn’t validate the patient's feelings or offer any immediate therapeutic support, and it shifts the responsibility entirely onto future medication effects rather than focusing on what can be done in the present.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Have you thought about how you want to bring up the conversation with them?" This response is therapeutic because it encourages the patient to reflect on how they want to approach a difficult conversation, without dismissing or minimizing their emotions. It helps the patient take control of a stressful situation by gently guiding them to think about possible steps forward. This question invites the patient to explore their feelings and thoughts about telling their family, while acknowledging the emotional weight of the situation. It also encourages the patient to take ownership of their communication with loved ones, supporting autonomy.

This type of response is effective in therapeutic communication as it allows the nurse to be empathetic while empowering the patient to think through their next steps.

This is like offering to help someone plan their journey without telling them where to go—you give them tools and support, but let them decide how they want to proceed.

In difficult situations like receiving a terminal diagnosis, it is important for the nurse to provide support while also promoting the patient’s autonomy and helping them navigate their emotions. Key strategies include:

• Encourage the patient to express their thoughts and emotions by asking open-ended questions that allow reflection.
• Avoid offering false reassurance or minimizing the patient’s feelings, as this can hinder the therapeutic relationship.
• Help the patient focus on steps they can take while ensuring that they feel in control of their decisions.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Don't worry, your family will understand and support you." This response offers false reassurance, which can dismiss the patient’s feelings and concerns. It assumes how the family will react without acknowledging the patient's emotional distress or giving them the space to process their feelings.

"I think you're overreacting. It's not your fault you got cancer." This response is judgmental and dismissive. It minimizes the patient’s emotions and suggests they are not valid, which could damage the therapeutic relationship and prevent the patient from expressing themselves further.

"You should wait until you're feeling better before you tell them." This response is not appropriate because it directs the patient on what they should do, which limits their autonomy and doesn't address the patient's immediate emotional distress. It also postpones the important conversation and doesn't allow the patient to process their current feelings.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"What would you like to talk about?" This statement demonstrates the therapeutic communication technique of offering a broad opening. A broad opening allows the patient to guide the conversation by choosing the topic or direction, encouraging them to share what they feel is most important or pressing. This technique fosters a patient-centered approach and promotes autonomy, allowing the client to express themselves freely without being led by the nurse’s agenda.

Broad openings are particularly useful when working with patients experiencing conditions like PTSD because they create a safe, non-directive space where the patient can control what they are ready to discuss. This can help build trust and rapport, as the nurse is allowing the patient to take the lead in the conversation.

Think of a broad opening as handing someone the remote control. You’re allowing them to decide what to watch, or in this case, what to talk about, ensuring they feel in control of the conversation.

When using broad openings, it’s important to follow the patient’s lead and avoid steering the conversation in a particular direction. This encourages trust and creates a safe, therapeutic environment. Key strategies include:

• Use open-ended questions like, “Where would you like to start?” or “Is there something specific on your mind?” to let the patient guide the discussion.
• Be mindful of the patient’s comfort level, allowing them to share as much or as little as they feel ready to discuss.
• Provide supportive, empathetic listening to encourage the patient to open up at their own pace.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Can you describe what happened before the assault, and when did you seek help at the emergency department?" This is a direct question, asking the patient to discuss specific events. While it may be important to gather this information, it does not provide the patient with the same level of control over the conversation as a broad opening would.

"I notice you seem uneasy discussing this." This is an example of the therapeutic technique of making observations, where the nurse points out something they have noticed about the patient’s behavior or emotions. While this can be helpful, it is not a broad opening because it does not allow the patient to guide the topic of the conversation.

"How can we make sure you feel safe while you're here?" This is a focused question that seeks to address a specific concern (the patient’s safety). While it is important to ensure the patient feels safe, this is not a broad opening because it directs the conversation toward a particular issue rather than allowing the patient to choose the topic.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"You’re having trouble sleeping?” This response uses therapeutic communication by restating the patient's concern, which is a technique known as reflection. By reflecting the patient's statement, Nurse Clara is encouraging the patient to elaborate on their feelings and experiences without inserting her own assumptions or judgments. This response shows the patient that the nurse is actively listening and engaged, which can help foster trust and open up further dialogue about the sleep issue.

Reflection helps clarify and validate the patient's experience and is a key strategy in patient-centered care. It allows the patient to feel heard and gives them space to explore their thoughts or expand on their initial statement, promoting a more in-depth discussion.

Imagine that you’re in a conversation where someone mirrors what you just said. It feels like they’re genuinely listening, and it prompts you to explain further, rather than just giving a simple answer. That’s how reflection works in therapeutic communication—it encourages the patient to elaborate.

In this situation, the nurse should use therapeutic techniques that invite the patient to explore their concerns while avoiding any premature conclusions or personal input. Some important nursing strategies include:

• Use open-ended questions or reflective statements to encourage the patient to talk more about the problem.
• Avoid giving advice or sharing personal experiences unless it's specifically asked for by the patient.
• Maintain a calm, empathetic demeanor to create a safe space for the patient to discuss their concerns.
• Assess the patient for any underlying issues such as anxiety, depression, or medical conditions that could contribute to sleep disturbances.

✘Incorrect answer options:

“I see.” This response is too passive and does not encourage the patient to elaborate on their concern. While it acknowledges the statement, it does not facilitate further discussion or exploration of the issue.

“Is that so?” Similar to "I see," this response is minimal and non-specific. It does not actively engage the patient or reflect their concern. It may come across as disinterested or superficial, limiting the therapeutic potential of the conversation.

“I have trouble sleeping sometimes too.” While this response might seem empathetic, it shifts the focus away from the patient and onto the nurse’s own experience. This is known as self-disclosure, which is generally discouraged unless it is used intentionally and sparingly to benefit the patient. In this case, the nurse's goal should be to help the patient explore their own feelings, not share her personal experiences.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Intellectualization. The patient's calm and composed demeanor after a traumatic event like sexual assault may indicate the use of intellectualization. Intellectualization is a defense mechanism in which an individual deals with an emotional or stressful situation by focusing on logic, facts, and details rather than processing the emotional aspects of the event. By detaching from the emotional trauma and focusing on more intellectual or cognitive aspects, the patient is able to temporarily distance themselves from the overwhelming feelings associated with the event.

This response is a way for the patient to protect themselves from being overwhelmed by the emotions related to the trauma. Intellectualization allows the person to manage the situation without being flooded by the intense emotions, but it can also delay the necessary emotional processing of the event.

Imagine someone who receives a shocking medical diagnosis but responds by focusing solely on learning all the medical terms and treatment options instead of addressing their fear and anxiety. They’re intellectualizing the situation to avoid the emotional impact.

In cases where patients are using defense mechanisms such as intellectualization, it is important for the nurse to recognize the coping strategy and offer appropriate support without forcing the patient to confront emotions prematurely. Key nursing interventions include:

• Provide a safe and supportive environment for the patient to express emotions when they are ready.
• Offer information and support while being sensitive to the patient's current emotional state and coping mechanism.
• Avoid pushing the patient to discuss their feelings before they are ready, but gently encourage emotional expression when appropriate.
• Collaborate with mental health professionals to provide appropriate follow-up care for emotional and psychological healing.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Denial: Denial involves refusing to accept reality or facts, often by acting as if the event did not happen. While the patient may seem calm, this situation does not necessarily suggest denial, as the patient is not ignoring the assault but rather coping by detaching emotionally through intellectualization.

Projection: Projection occurs when a person attributes their own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else. In this case, the patient is not displacing their feelings onto others, so projection is not applicable.

Rationalization: Rationalization involves creating logical or socially acceptable explanations to justify behavior or feelings. Although this defense mechanism involves logic, it differs from intellectualization in that rationalization is about justifying the event or behavior, while intellectualization is about focusing on intellectual aspects to avoid emotional distress.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"You probably didn’t mean to, but using the client’s name breaches confidentiality." This statement provides effective feedback because it is constructive, nonjudgmental, and focuses on the behavior rather than the person. The instructor acknowledges that the student likely made an unintentional mistake but still clearly addresses the violation of confidentiality. By providing this feedback in a supportive manner, the instructor helps the student understand the error without causing unnecessary embarrassment or defensiveness. The focus is on learning and improvement, which is the goal of feedback in a teaching context.

Effective feedback should aim to correct behavior while maintaining the student’s motivation and self-esteem. The statement also opens up a dialogue, allowing the student to ask questions or seek clarification about the importance of maintaining confidentiality.

Think of effective feedback like adjusting someone’s course on a map. You point out the wrong turn without criticizing the driver, helping them get back on track without making them feel bad.

When providing feedback, especially in an educational setting, it is important to use strategies that promote growth and learning. Feedback should be specific, constructive, and aimed at helping the student improve their performance. Key strategies include:

• Provide feedback in a supportive, nonjudgmental manner to avoid discouraging the student.
• Focus on the specific behavior or action, rather than making personal judgments or assumptions about the student’s intent.
• Encourage reflection and dialogue to help the student understand the significance of their actions and learn from the experience.
• Reinforce the importance of confidentiality and patient privacy in clinical practice.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Why did you include the client’s name on your clinical worksheet?" This question may come across as confrontational and puts the student in a position where they may feel defensive. It doesn’t provide constructive feedback or explain the issue with using the client’s name, making it less effective for learning.

"It was careless of you to use the client’s name on your worksheet." This statement is judgmental and uses the word “careless,” which can make the student feel criticized. It focuses on the student’s perceived character rather than the specific behavior, which is not helpful for promoting learning or improvement.

"It’s disappointing that, even after being told, you still used client names on your worksheet." This statement expresses disappointment, which can cause the student to feel guilty or discouraged. It also implies that the student deliberately ignored instructions, which may not be the case. This approach is more punitive and less focused on helping the student learn from the mistake.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Don’t worry. Everything will be alright." This statement is an example of false reassurance, which can belittle the client’s feelings and concerns. Telling a client, “Don’t worry. Everything will be alright,” dismisses their genuine emotions and worries, minimizing the importance of their current situation. Even though it may be intended to provide comfort, it can make the client feel that their concerns are not being taken seriously. Instead of addressing the client’s specific feelings, this type of response glosses over them, which can hinder open communication and trust.

A more therapeutic approach would be to acknowledge the client's feelings and provide empathetic support, rather than offering empty reassurances that might prevent the client from fully exploring or expressing their concerns.

It’s like telling someone on a stormy day, “It’ll be sunny soon,” without acknowledging that they’re currently stuck in the rain. The person may feel like their situation is being ignored.

When addressing a client’s concerns, it is important to validate their emotions and provide genuine support. Offering false reassurances can undermine trust and make the client feel misunderstood. Key strategies include:

• Use reflective statements to acknowledge the client’s feelings, such as “It sounds like you’re feeling very anxious about this situation.”
• Encourage the client to talk more about their concerns rather than minimizing their worries.
• Provide factual, supportive information to help the client feel more empowered, without offering guarantees that may not be realistic.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"You appear uptight." While this statement is direct and could potentially be poorly received, it is more likely to be seen as an observation or comment on the patient’s appearance rather than a form of reassurance. However, it would be more therapeutic to reframe the observation in a nonjudgmental manner, such as, “You seem tense right now.”

"I notice you have bitten your nails too quickly." This statement is an observation of the patient’s behavior, not a reassurance. While it could be rephrased to sound more empathetic (e.g., “I see you’re biting your nails—are you feeling anxious?”), it is not an example of belittling the client’s feelings.

"You are jumping to conclusions." While this statement might come across as dismissive, it doesn’t fall under the category of false reassurance or belittling in the same way as “Don’t worry, everything will be alright.” It might, however, benefit from more tactful phrasing to avoid making the client feel judged.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"You brought up your relationship with your father. Let’s talk more about that." This statement demonstrates the therapeutic communication technique of focusing. Focusing is used when the nurse helps the patient concentrate on a specific topic or issue that has been mentioned but not fully explored. By directing the patient’s attention to their relationship with their father, Nurse Ellen is guiding the conversation toward a significant topic that may be key to understanding the patient’s current concerns or emotional state. Focusing allows the nurse to deepen the discussion on relevant areas that can help the patient gain insight or resolution.

This technique helps the patient explore important issues in a more meaningful way and can prevent the conversation from becoming too broad or scattered, which could limit its therapeutic value.

Focusing is like zooming in with a camera lens—you bring attention to one specific part of the bigger picture so you can see it more clearly and understand it better.

When using the focusing technique, it’s important to ensure that the topic chosen is relevant and significant to the patient’s well-being. Key strategies include:

• Encourage the patient to delve deeper into areas they have already mentioned, allowing for better insight and reflection.
• Avoid focusing on unrelated or superficial topics that might divert the patient’s attention from the core issue.
• Guide the conversation in a way that feels natural and non-confrontational, ensuring the patient remains comfortable while exploring sensitive issues.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Tell me about something positive that happened to you this week." This statement encourages positive reflection but does not demonstrate focusing on a specific topic raised by the patient. It is more of a general prompt for sharing and is not related to a prior detail the patient has mentioned.

"I’m finding it hard to follow what you're saying." This statement reflects the nurse’s confusion and seeks clarification, but it is not an example of focusing. It addresses communication clarity rather than directing attention to a specific topic.

"Your counseling session starts soon. I’ll stay with you until then." This demonstrates the technique of offering presence, where the nurse remains with the patient for emotional support, but it does not involve focusing on a particular issue or topic raised by the patient.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Touch can have varied meanings depending on the individual." This statement is the most appropriate because it acknowledges that touch is highly subjective and can be interpreted in different ways depending on the individual’s background, personal preferences, cultural values, and past experiences. In psychiatric settings, patients may have sensitivities or past traumas (such as physical or sexual abuse) that could cause them to react negatively to touch, even when it is intended to be comforting. Therefore, the use of touch in therapeutic communication requires careful consideration, and it is essential to assess how the patient perceives and responds to touch before using it.

The statement promotes the idea that nurses must be mindful of each patient's unique experiences and preferences regarding touch, and that it should never be assumed to be universally comforting or appropriate in all situations.

Touch in therapeutic communication is like a handshake at a meeting—it can be a positive gesture for some, but for others, it might feel uncomfortable or intrusive. Just as you wouldn’t assume everyone wants a handshake, you can't assume every patient will respond well to touch. It’s essential to understand each person's boundaries and preferences before using it, ensuring that it enhances rather than hinders the therapeutic relationship.

When considering the use of touch in psychiatric care, nurses should be cautious and always prioritize the patient's comfort and boundaries. Key strategies include:

• Assess the patient’s comfort level with touch by observing their body language and asking permission before initiating any form of physical contact.
• Consider the patient’s past experiences, cultural background, and mental health condition, as these factors may influence how they perceive touch.
• Use alternative forms of therapeutic communication, such as verbal reassurance and active listening, to convey empathy and support without relying on touch.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Touch is frequently used to help de-escalate agitated patients." This is not accurate. In psychiatric care, touch is generally not recommended for de-escalating agitated patients, as it can escalate aggression or trigger negative emotional responses, especially in individuals with a history of trauma. Verbal de-escalation techniques are preferred.

"Touch is an effective way to show interest and warmth." While touch can convey interest and warmth in certain situations, this is not universally true for all patients, especially in psychiatric settings. Many patients may interpret touch differently, which is why it’s important to assess its appropriateness on a case-by-case basis.

"Using touch along with empathy is beneficial for anxious patients." While empathy is always beneficial, touch may not always be appropriate or beneficial for anxious patients. In fact, for some, physical contact may increase anxiety or discomfort. It’s essential to evaluate each patient’s preferences and response to touch before using it.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"I see you’re wearing a new dress, and you’ve washed your hair." This statement demonstrates the therapeutic communication technique of giving recognition. Giving recognition involves acknowledging or noting observable actions or accomplishments without offering praise or judgment. By simply pointing out that the patient is wearing a new dress and has washed their hair, Nurse Sam is recognizing the patient’s efforts in a neutral, supportive way. This technique encourages the patient to feel seen and validated for their actions without assigning value judgments or offering praise, which can sometimes create pressure or dependency.

In therapeutic communication, giving recognition helps foster a supportive environment where the patient feels acknowledged for their efforts. It’s an important part of building trust and rapport with patients, especially in mental health settings.

Imagine pointing out that someone finished a task without saying “good job”—you’re simply noticing their action, letting them take pride in their accomplishment without needing your validation.

When using the technique of giving recognition, it is important to focus on observable behaviors or actions. Avoid praising or giving advice, as these can shift the focus from the patient’s autonomy to the nurse’s opinions. Key strategies include:

• Focus on specific, observable actions without adding judgment or value (e.g., “I noticed you attended group today.”).
• Use neutral language that acknowledges the patient’s efforts and encourages them to continue reflecting on their own progress.
• Avoid giving excessive praise, as this can create dependency or reduce the patient’s sense of self-efficacy.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"You missed group today. Can we discuss what happened?" This is not an example of giving recognition. Instead, this is an inquiry into the patient’s behavior and is more focused on assessing the situation rather than acknowledging an observable action.

"I’ll stay with you until it’s time for your family meeting." This statement demonstrates offering presence, a different therapeutic communication technique that involves the nurse staying physically or emotionally present with the patient during a difficult time. It is not an example of giving recognition.

"I’m glad you’re now taking your medications. They’ll help a lot." This statement expresses approval and provides reassurance about the patient taking their medications. While it offers positive reinforcement, it’s not the same as giving recognition because it assigns value to the patient’s actions rather than neutrally acknowledging them.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Can you tell me why you said that?" This statement exemplifies the communication block of requesting an explanation. Asking "why" can make the patient feel defensive or pressured to justify their feelings or actions. When a nurse asks a patient to explain why they said or did something, it can imply that the patient needs to rationalize their behavior, which may hinder open communication. In therapeutic communication, it is important to avoid asking "why" questions because they often come across as accusatory or judgmental, even if that is not the nurse's intention.

Instead, nurses should aim to explore the patient’s feelings or concerns in a way that encourages open dialogue without making the patient feel like they have to justify themselves.

Asking “why” in this context is like asking someone to defend their actions, which can make them feel cornered rather than supported. It’s better to explore the feelings behind the action instead.

To promote open and supportive communication, nurses should avoid asking “why” questions and instead use open-ended questions or reflections that encourage the patient to express their feelings freely. Key strategies include:

• Use open-ended questions like, “Can you tell me more about what happened?” or “How were you feeling when that occurred?” to explore the patient’s emotions without making them feel defensive.
• Avoid using phrases that imply judgment or the need for the patient to justify their behavior.
• Focus on understanding the patient’s emotions and experiences rather than seeking explanations for their behavior.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Keep your chin up. I’ll explain the procedure to you." This is an example of false reassurance and giving advice, not requesting an explanation. It provides empty reassurance without fully addressing the patient’s concerns.

"There is always an explanation for both good and bad behaviors." This statement is not requesting an explanation but is instead a generalization that could come across as dismissive or judgmental. It doesn’t ask the patient for a specific explanation.

"Are you not understanding the explanation I gave you?" This is a closed-ended question that checks for understanding but does not request an explanation. While it might imply some judgment, it is not the same as asking the patient to justify their behavior.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"I will provide the patient with information and let them make decisions about their care." This statement demonstrates a clear understanding of patient autonomy, which is a fundamental ethical principle in nursing and healthcare. By providing the patient with the necessary information about their condition, treatment options, and potential outcomes, Nurse Olivia is empowering the patient to make informed decisions about their own care. This approach respects the patient’s right to be involved in their healthcare choices and supports the principle of informed consent.

Nurses play a critical role in patient advocacy, ensuring that patients are well-informed and able to participate in decisions related to their care. This approach not only respects patient rights but also fosters trust between the nurse and patient, contributing to better overall outcomes.

Think of a nurse as a guide who provides a map with different routes, explaining each option clearly. The patient, like a traveler, then chooses the path that suits them best, based on the nurse’s guidance.

To ensure that patient rights are respected, nurses must focus on patient-centered care that upholds autonomy and informed decision-making. Important nursing responsibilities include:

• Provide clear, unbiased information about diagnosis, treatment options, and potential risks and benefits.
• Encourage the patient to ask questions and clarify any concerns before making decisions about their care.
• Respect the patient's right to accept or decline treatment, even if their decision differs from the nurse’s personal beliefs.
• Act as a patient advocate, ensuring that the patient's preferences and rights are upheld throughout the care process.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"I will make all medical decisions for the patient, as I know what is best for them." This approach violates the principle of patient autonomy by disregarding the patient's right to participate in decisions about their care. While the nurse plays a key role in providing information and guidance, the patient has the ultimate authority to make decisions about their treatment.

"I will only discuss the patient's care with their family, not the patient directly." This response undermines the patient's right to be informed about their own care. Unless the patient is unable to make decisions due to medical reasons, the patient should always be the primary recipient of information about their care. Family members may be involved with the patient's consent, but it is crucial that the patient remains at the center of decision-making.

"I will ensure that the doctor explains the treatment options while I stay out of the decision-making process." While it is important for the doctor to explain treatment options, the nurse has a key role in patient education, clarifying information, and ensuring the patient understands their choices. Nurses should not withdraw from this responsibility but instead actively participate in advocating for the patient’s rights and understanding.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Using open-ended questions and periods of silence." This response is an appropriate therapeutic communication technique because open-ended questions allow the patient to express their thoughts and concerns without feeling judged or pressured. By using open-ended questions, Nurse Alex can encourage the patient to elaborate on their belief that the food is poisoned, helping to assess the root cause of the fear and any underlying delusions. Periods of silence give the patient time to process their thoughts and feel comfortable speaking at their own pace, which is especially important for individuals with disturbed thought processes.

This technique promotes a non-confrontational approach, respecting the patient's autonomy while gently guiding them toward self-reflection. It also helps establish a therapeutic alliance by demonstrating that Nurse Alex is actively listening and valuing the patient's perspective, even when the beliefs are delusional. Open-ended questions like "Can you tell me more about why you think your food is unsafe?" provide insight into the patient's cognitive state and offer an opportunity for further assessment and reassurance without direct confrontation.

Imagine you’re speaking with someone who has a very different perspective from yours. Instead of arguing or imposing your view, you gently ask them to explain more. This encourages them to open up and may help you understand their point of view better, even if you don’t agree with it. This is similar to how open-ended questions work in therapeutic communication—they help the patient explore their thoughts without feeling attacked.

When caring for patients with disturbed thought processes, it is crucial to avoid challenging or reinforcing their delusions directly. The nurse should focus on creating a supportive environment that encourages communication, while also ensuring that the patient receives adequate nutrition and care. Key nursing strategies include:

• Use open-ended questions to promote discussion and clarify the patient's thoughts about the food being poisoned.
• Allow periods of silence to give the patient time to think and respond without feeling rushed or overwhelmed.
• Avoid directly confronting the delusion or offering personal opinions about the situation, as this may increase resistance.
• Assess the patient's level of insight and collaborate with the healthcare team to develop interventions that promote nutritional intake and address the underlying delusions.
• Consider offering food alternatives in sealed packages or providing small portions in an attempt to reassure the patient about the safety of the food.

✘Incorrect answer options:

“Sharing the nurse's own food preferences.” While self-disclosure can be used therapeutically in some instances, this response is inappropriate in this situation. Sharing personal food preferences does not address the patient’s underlying belief that the food is poisoned and shifts the focus away from the patient’s concerns. The goal is to explore the patient’s thoughts, not impose the nurse’s experiences.

“Documenting the reasons why the patient is avoiding food.” While documenting patient behaviors and statements is an essential part of nursing practice, this action alone does not engage in therapeutic communication. Documentation is a necessary task but does not address the immediate need to encourage the patient to express their thoughts and facilitate communication about their concerns.

“Offering personal opinions about the importance of nutrition.” Offering personal opinions is not therapeutic because it can come across as dismissive or condescending. Patients with delusions may feel misunderstood or invalidated if the nurse focuses on logical reasoning rather than exploring the emotional or cognitive basis of their beliefs. It is important to address the patient's delusions empathetically, without imposing personal views or trying to argue them out of their belief system.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Let’s work together to find a way for you to attend unit activities while still managing your handwashing routine." This response is the most therapeutic because it promotes collaborative problem-solving while showing empathy and respect for the patient’s need to manage their compulsions. By offering to work together, Nurse Tanya empowers the patient to take an active role in managing their symptoms without feeling judged or dismissed. This approach helps the patient feel supported and fosters engagement in treatment, which is crucial for individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), where compulsive behaviors often cause significant distress and interfere with daily activities.

This response is also solution-focused, aiming to balance the patient's need to participate in unit activities while acknowledging their compulsive behaviors. This helps the patient feel understood and reinforces the therapeutic relationship, which is essential for effective treatment.

Imagine you're helping someone juggle two important tasks. Instead of telling them to drop one, you work together to find a balance, so they can manage both successfully. That’s what this response aims to do—help the patient manage their handwashing while still engaging in therapy.

When working with patients diagnosed with OCD, it's important to acknowledge their compulsions while encouraging participation in therapy. The goal is to help the patient gradually manage their compulsive behaviors, not abruptly eliminate them, which could increase anxiety. Key strategies include:

• Collaborate with the patient to identify strategies that allow for participation in treatment without overwhelming their need for compulsive behaviors.
• Avoid judgmental or dismissive language that could cause the patient to feel criticized or misunderstood.
• Provide education on how attending group activities can support managing OCD symptoms and reduce compulsive behaviors over time.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"All patients with OCD need to find ways to manage their compulsive behaviors." This statement is generalized and not patient-centered. While it is true that individuals with OCD need to manage their compulsions, the statement lacks empathy and does not offer a collaborative or supportive approach. It may make the patient feel misunderstood or as if they are being grouped with others, which could hinder engagement.

"You should stop these repetitive behaviors because they are not helpful." This statement is dismissive and does not acknowledge the patient’s underlying anxiety driving the compulsions. Simply telling the patient to stop their behavior can lead to increased anxiety and resistance, making it less likely that the patient will engage in treatment.

"Why are you seeking assistance if you’re not joining the group therapies?" This question is accusatory and may cause the patient to feel defensive. It does not promote a therapeutic environment and instead could increase feelings of guilt or inadequacy, which are not conducive to progress in therapy.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"A willingness to engage in planning their care and treatment." A patient who is admitted voluntarily to a mental health unit typically demonstrates a certain level of insight into their condition and recognizes the need for help. This understanding often translates into a willingness to participate in their care and treatment planning. Voluntary admission usually implies that the patient is seeking treatment and is more likely to cooperate with healthcare providers in developing a plan for managing their mental health condition.

Voluntary patients, by definition, agree to receive care, and as such, they generally have more autonomy and can be active participants in decision-making regarding their treatment. While they may still have mental health challenges, they are often motivated to improve and manage their symptoms.

Imagine someone who chooses to attend a fitness program because they want to get in better shape. Since they made the choice to participate, they’re likely to be more engaged in following the exercises and working with the trainer to achieve their goals. Similarly, a voluntarily admitted patient is more likely to be engaged in their treatment since they made the decision to seek help.

In cases where a patient is voluntarily admitted to a mental health unit, the nurse should take steps to involve the patient in their care plan and ensure open communication. It is important to recognize that these patients are generally more open to participating in their recovery process. Key nursing strategies include:

• Engage the patient in discussions about their treatment goals and preferences to encourage collaboration.
• Provide education on their illness, treatment options, and coping strategies, as patients who voluntarily admit often have some degree of insight into their condition.
• Monitor the patient’s progress and adjust care plans as needed, involving the patient in these decisions.
• Respect the patient’s autonomy and right to make informed decisions about their care.

✘Incorrect answer options:

“Fearfulness about treatment interventions.” Fearfulness can occur in some patients, especially when they are initially diagnosed or unfamiliar with mental health treatment. However, it is more common for patients admitted involuntarily to express fear or resistance toward treatment. Voluntarily admitted patients generally have some understanding of their condition and are seeking help, making fear less prominent than in other admission types.

“Displays of anger and aggression toward others.” Displays of anger and aggression are not typically associated with voluntary admission. Aggression is more common in patients experiencing severe psychosis, mania, or involuntary admission where there is resistance to treatment. Voluntary patients are more likely to engage cooperatively, as they have chosen to seek help for their condition.

“A clear understanding of the illness and its symptoms.” While voluntary admission implies some insight into the illness, it does not necessarily mean the patient has a clear understanding of the illness and its symptoms. Many patients voluntarily seek help because they are struggling and want to better understand their condition, but they may still need education and guidance regarding the nature of their illness.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Termination. The termination phase of the nurse-patient relationship is the stage in which unresolved feelings of loss or separation are most likely to surface. During this phase, the relationship is coming to an end, which can evoke emotions related to abandonment, loss, or even past unresolved grief in both the nurse and the patient. The patient may feel sadness or anxiety about losing the supportive relationship they have built with the nurse, and the nurse might reflect on how the relationship has impacted both the patient and themselves.

In the termination phase, it is common for patients to revisit and express unresolved feelings as they prepare for the end of the therapeutic relationship. The nurse should help the patient process these feelings and provide closure by reviewing the progress made and acknowledging the emotions that come with the relationship's conclusion.

Ending a therapeutic relationship is like reaching the last chapter of a book. As the story wraps up, you might reflect on the journey, the highs and lows, and feel a sense of loss because the connection is coming to an end, even if it was meaningful.

During the termination phase, it is essential to focus on supporting the patient as they process the feelings that may arise due to the relationship ending. Nurses should help patients understand that feelings of sadness or loss are natural and assist them in preparing for future coping strategies. Key nursing tasks include:

• Encourage the patient to express their feelings about the end of the therapeutic relationship.
• Review the progress the patient has made during the relationship and discuss future goals or next steps.
• Acknowledge the importance of the relationship while encouraging the patient’s independence moving forward.
• Ensure the patient is referred to appropriate resources or support systems for ongoing care.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Trusting: The trusting phase is not a specific stage in the formal therapeutic nurse-patient relationship model. Trust is developed during the orientation and working phases, but it is not a distinct phase where feelings of loss or separation typically arise.

Working: In the working phase, the focus is on identifying problems, developing strategies, and achieving therapeutic goals. While some emotions may surface, the emphasis here is on addressing the patient's needs and facilitating change, not on ending the relationship.

Orientation: The orientation phase is the beginning of the nurse-patient relationship, where trust and rapport are established, and goals are set. Feelings of loss or separation would not typically surface during this early phase, as the focus is on building a connection rather than ending it.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"The non-therapeutic technique of giving approval." The group leader is using the non-therapeutic technique of giving approval by saying, “I’m so proud of you for being assertive. You are so good!” Giving approval, though well-intentioned, can be problematic in therapeutic settings because it places the therapist’s or group leader’s judgment of what is "good" or "right" onto the client. This can create dependency on external validation and may make the client feel that they need to act a certain way to gain the leader’s approval. It also subtly shifts the focus from the client’s self-growth to pleasing the therapist or leader.

In therapeutic communication, it’s more effective to focus on observing behavior or encouraging self-reflection rather than offering personal praise. The goal is to foster the client’s internal motivation and self-awareness, helping them to feel empowered by their own actions rather than external validation.

Giving approval is like telling someone, "You did great because I think so," instead of helping them recognize and appreciate their own progress for themselves. It shifts the focus from their internal growth to seeking your approval.

To avoid giving approval, focus on reflecting back what the client has done or helping the client evaluate their own progress. This fosters a sense of autonomy and internal validation. Key strategies include:

• Use neutral language to describe observed behaviors or actions, allowing the client to draw their own conclusions (e.g., “I noticed you responded assertively in that situation”).
• Encourage the client to reflect on how they feel about their behavior, promoting self-awareness (e.g., “How did it feel to assert yourself?”).
• Avoid placing judgment or attaching personal approval to the client’s actions to ensure the client feels empowered to make decisions independently of external praise.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"The non-therapeutic technique of interpreting." Interpreting involves the therapist or leader attempting to explain the underlying meaning or motives behind a client’s thoughts or behaviors (e.g., “You are assertive because you want to be accepted”). This is not applicable in this scenario, as the leader is not trying to explain the client’s behavior but is offering approval instead.

"The therapeutic technique of presenting reality." Presenting reality involves helping the client distinguish between what is real and what is not, especially in cases of hallucinations or delusions. It does not apply in this situation, as there is no confusion about reality here.

"The therapeutic technique of making observations." Making observations involves commenting on what the nurse or therapist sees or hears without making a judgment (e.g., “I noticed you spoke up during the session”). While this would be a more appropriate response in this case, the leader’s statement goes beyond a simple observation and includes personal approval, which makes it a non-therapeutic technique.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Keep in mind that patients are responsible for making their own choices and decisions." This response emphasizes the importance of patient autonomy and highlights the role of the nurse as a facilitator rather than someone who provides solutions. It reassures the student that they are not expected to have all the answers and shifts the focus toward helping patients explore their options and make informed decisions. This is central to therapeutic communication, where the goal is to empower patients to take ownership of their health and well-being, rather than relying on the nurse to make decisions for them.

Encouraging the student to recognize that patients are responsible for their own choices reduces the pressure to provide the "right" advice and promotes a more collaborative approach to patient care.

Think of this response as reminding the student that they’re a guide helping patients navigate their path, rather than being the one who decides the direction.

Nurses should support patient autonomy by helping patients explore their options and make informed decisions. The nurse's role is to provide information, clarify concerns, and facilitate decision-making, rather than imposing solutions. Key strategies include:

• Encourage patient autonomy by involving the patient in discussions about their care and supporting their decision-making process.
• Provide factual information to help patients understand their options and make informed choices.
• Avoid giving direct advice, as this can undermine the patient’s sense of control and responsibility over their own health.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"It can be intimidating when a patient puts you on the spot. Nurses don’t always have all the answers." While this response acknowledges the student’s feelings, it does not address the underlying concern. It may validate the student’s anxiety but doesn’t provide guidance on how to approach situations where patients ask for advice.

"Just focus on the patient’s well-being and do the best you can." This response is supportive but too vague. It doesn’t provide any concrete strategies or insight into the concept of patient autonomy or the nurse’s role in facilitating decision-making.

"Make it a goal to keep improving this part of your nursing practice." This response is focused on professional growth, which is important, but it doesn’t directly address the student’s concern about feeling pressured to provide advice. It shifts the focus away from the immediate situation and doesn’t offer clarity on how to handle patient interactions effectively.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Notify the patient's healthcare provider (HCP)." The first action Nurse Linda should take when a voluntarily admitted patient demands to be discharged is to notify the healthcare provider (HCP). While the patient has the legal right to request discharge, the HCP must evaluate whether the patient poses any danger to themselves or others. This assessment will determine whether the patient can be safely discharged or if criteria for an involuntary hold are met.

When a patient is admitted voluntarily to a psychiatric unit, they generally have the right to leave at their request unless they are deemed a risk to themselves or others. The healthcare provider is responsible for evaluating the patient's mental state and determining the next steps, including discussing discharge or possibly initiating an involuntary hold if necessary.

Think of it like a driver who wants to exit a highway. The nurse acts like a road sign, ensuring that it’s safe for the driver to leave before they take the exit. Similarly, Nurse Linda must ensure that it’s safe for the patient to leave by alerting the healthcare provider to assess the situation.

In such situations, the nurse’s priority is patient safety. Even though the patient is voluntarily admitted, sudden decisions to leave the hospital may be influenced by their mental state or anxiety. Key nursing strategies include:

• Immediately notify the healthcare provider to assess the patient’s condition and determine if discharge is safe or if further intervention is needed.
• Calmly explore the patient’s reasons for wanting to leave and offer emotional support, but avoid pressuring the patient to stay.
• Ensure proper documentation of the patient's request, the nurse's actions, and any communication with the healthcare provider.
• If necessary, review the patient’s rights and the legal implications of both voluntary admission and involuntary holds.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Contact the patient’s family to arrange transportation." While contacting the patient’s family may eventually be appropriate if the patient is cleared for discharge, it is not the first action the nurse should take. Nurse Linda must first ensure that the patient’s condition is assessed by the healthcare provider to determine if discharge is safe.

"Encourage the patient to stay for just a few more days." While encouraging the patient to stay may seem supportive, it could be perceived as dismissive of the patient’s wishes. Therapeutic communication is crucial here. Instead of attempting to persuade the patient, it is more appropriate to listen to their concerns and involve the healthcare provider for an official assessment.

"Inform the patient that leaving may lead to an involuntary hold." Telling the patient that leaving may result in an involuntary hold is not an appropriate first response. This approach could escalate the patient’s anxiety and lead to feelings of being trapped. The decision to place a patient on an involuntary hold can only be made after proper evaluation by the healthcare provider.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"We’ve talked about your previous coping skills. Let's explore if they might be helpful for you now." This statement is most appropriate during the planning phase of care because it encourages the patient to reflect on their past coping skills and explore their potential usefulness in the present situation. By saying, "Let's explore if they might be helpful for you now," Nurse Kelly is using the therapeutic communication technique of exploring, which helps the patient critically evaluate and consider effective coping strategies for their current condition. This approach fosters collaboration and empowerment, which are key elements in patient-centered care.

This technique also encourages the patient to take an active role in their treatment and helps them build on their existing strengths. It acknowledges that the patient may have successfully used coping strategies before and empowers them to adapt those strategies to the present situation, which promotes a sense of control and self-efficacy.

This is like reminding someone that they’ve navigated difficult situations before, and helping them figure out how those same skills could help them now. It encourages them to use what they already know and feel capable of doing.

During the planning phase, it is important to collaborate with the patient to identify and evaluate effective coping strategies. Key strategies include:

• Encourage the patient to reflect on past coping mechanisms that were helpful and consider their application to current challenges.
• Engage in a collaborative discussion to help the patient identify coping strategies that they feel comfortable and confident using.
• Reinforce the patient’s strengths and promote self-efficacy by highlighting their ability to manage stressors effectively.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Can you explain in your own words what led you to come to the hospital?" While this is a useful question for gathering information or during the assessment phase, it does not directly address coping strategies or the planning phase of care. This question is more focused on exploring the patient’s history and reasons for admission, rather than identifying future coping mechanisms.

"This new method worked for you. Continue using it." While encouraging the use of a successful strategy is important, this statement is more directive and does not promote exploration or collaboration. It lacks the open-ended approach that would allow the patient to reflect on their coping strategies and decide for themselves if they are effective.

"I’ve noticed you seem to be reacting to voices that I’m not hearing." This statement uses the therapeutic technique of making observations, which is useful for assessing the patient's current state but not directly related to the planning phase of care. It does not focus on helping the patient explore coping strategies.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Restating the client’s words for clarity." Nurse Kim is using the therapeutic communication technique of restating. By restating the client’s words, Nurse Kim is repeating or paraphrasing what Mr. Davis said in order to clarify and confirm the message. In this case, Nurse Kim is rephrasing Mr. Davis's statement about being spanked often into "Your father was a harsh disciplinarian," reflecting what the nurse understood from Mr. Davis's statement. This technique helps ensure that Nurse Kim correctly understands what Mr. Davis is communicating and provides Mr. Davis with an opportunity to either affirm or clarify the statement.

Restating allows the patient to further explore their thoughts and feelings, as they can elaborate on or modify what they have said. It also demonstrates active listening, showing the patient that the nurse is engaged and seeking to fully understand their experience.

Imagine someone tells you a story, and you repeat it back to them in your own words to make sure you’ve understood it correctly. If you’re on the right track, they’ll continue; if not, they’ll correct you. This is how restating helps clarify communication.

When using restating, the nurse should avoid making assumptions or adding personal interpretations. Instead, the focus should be on accurately reflecting the patient’s message. Key nursing strategies include:

• Use restating to check for understanding and invite the patient to elaborate on their thoughts or feelings.
• Ensure that restatements are neutral and nonjudgmental, allowing the patient to affirm or correct as needed.
• Remain aware of the patient’s non-verbal cues to guide the conversation appropriately.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Giving general leads to encourage continuation." Giving general leads involves using brief statements or questions that encourage the patient to continue speaking, such as “Go on” or “Tell me more.” In this case, Nurse Kim is not giving a general lead but is instead restating Mr. Davis’s statement for clarification.

"Directing attention to a specific issue." Directing attention is a technique used to help the patient focus on a particular topic or issue. Although Nurse Kim is focusing on the father’s disciplinary behavior, the primary technique being used here is restating, not guiding the patient to a new topic.

"Acknowledging the client’s statement non-judgmentally." Acknowledging involves recognizing the patient’s feelings or statements without necessarily restating them. While acknowledging is an important part of therapeutic communication, the specific technique used here is restating, as Nurse Kim is repeating the client’s message in different words to ensure clarity.