Psych NCLEX Exam for Substance Abuse

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

With assistance, escort the client to her room and administer Haldol as prescribed if necessary. This option is the most appropriate because the client's behavior has escalated to verbal abuse and threats of violence, which poses a risk to the safety of both the client and others in the environment. In a manic state, clients may have impaired judgment, reduced impulse control, and increased risk of aggressive behavior. Escorting the client to her room helps to reduce environmental stimuli, which can help de-escalate the situation. Administering medication, such as Haldol (an antipsychotic), may be necessary if the client remains agitated or threatening, to help calm her and prevent further escalation.

Safety is the primary concern in this scenario. By removing the client from the public area and providing a calm and controlled environment, the nurse is taking immediate steps to prevent harm and manage the client's behavior therapeutically. The use of medication is considered when other de-escalation techniques fail or when there is a significant risk of harm.

Think of the situation like a pot of boiling water that is about to spill over. By removing the pot from the heat source (the overstimulating environment), you reduce the chance of it spilling and causing harm, and using medication is like turning down the heat to maintain control and safety.

Nurse Jack should use a calm, firm approach while maintaining safety protocols and adhering to hospital policies for managing aggressive behaviors.

• Request assistance from other staff members to safely escort the client to her room, using a non-threatening and non-confrontational approach.
• Ensure that the client's room is free of any objects that could be used to cause harm.
• Observe the client closely for further signs of agitation or distress.
• If medication is necessary, explain the purpose to the client and administer it according to the prescribed dosage.
• Document the incident, including the client’s behavior, interventions used, and the client’s response.
• Use therapeutic communication techniques once the client is calm to address the behavior and explore triggers or underlying emotions.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Inform the client that smoking privileges are revoked for 24 hours. This response is punitive and does not address the immediate safety concern. Punishing the client could escalate the situation further and is not a therapeutic intervention for managing aggressive or threatening behavior.

Reorient the client to time, person, and place. While reorientation may be helpful in some situations, it is not effective in this context where the client is already agitated and threatening violence. This approach does not address the immediate risk of harm and could provoke further agitation.

Explain to the client that the behavior is inappropriate. Explaining that the behavior is inappropriate may be helpful in a calmer situation, but it is unlikely to be effective when the client is already verbally abusive and threatening violence. At this point, de-escalation and ensuring safety are more important than discussing the appropriateness of behavior.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Establish a consistent bedtime routine. The most appropriate short-term goal for improving Mark's sleep is to establish a consistent bedtime routine. A regular bedtime routine can help signal to the body that it is time to wind down, promoting relaxation and making it easier to fall asleep. For individuals with bipolar disorder, establishing consistent sleep patterns is crucial for mood stability, as irregular sleep patterns can exacerbate mood swings and contribute to both manic and depressive episodes.

Creating a bedtime routine involves engaging in calming activities before bed, such as reading, light stretching, or listening to soothing music, while avoiding stimulating activities like using electronics or exercising late at night. This goal is a healthy, non-pharmacologic approach to managing insomnia, which can be particularly beneficial for someone with bipolar disorder who may already be on multiple medications.

Think of a bedtime routine as setting the stage for a play—the routine helps prepare the body and mind for the "performance" of sleep by creating a relaxing environment and a sense of predictability.

Nurse Rachel should provide education and support to help Mark establish a consistent sleep routine.

• Encourage Mark to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even on weekends, to regulate his sleep-wake cycle.
• Help Mark identify relaxing activities to incorporate into his bedtime routine, such as breathing exercises or meditation.
• Advise Mark to avoid stimulating activities, caffeine, and electronics in the hour before bedtime.
• Discuss the importance of creating a sleep-friendly environment, such as reducing noise and keeping the bedroom dark and cool.
• Monitor Mark’s sleep patterns and adjust the care plan as necessary to ensure that he is making progress toward improved sleep.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Request a medication to aid sleep. While medications such as sedatives or sleep aids may be used for short-term insomnia, they are not the most appropriate first-line intervention for someone with bipolar disorder, as they may interact with mood stabilizers or other psychiatric medications. Non-pharmacologic methods, such as sleep hygiene and consistent routines, are safer and more sustainable for long-term management of insomnia.

Focus on resolving an ongoing issue. Addressing ongoing stressors can help with overall mental health, but this is not a short-term goal specifically aimed at improving sleep. Insomnia may persist even after stressors are resolved, so direct interventions for sleep hygiene are needed.

Engage in physical activity before bed. While physical activity is beneficial for overall health and can promote better sleep, engaging in exercise too close to bedtime can have the opposite effect, increasing alertness and making it harder to fall asleep. Physical activity should be done earlier in the day to avoid stimulating the body before bed.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Alcohol: Research has shown a strong genetic component associated with alcohol abuse. Numerous studies indicate that individuals with a family history of alcohol abuse or dependence are at a higher risk of developing alcohol use disorder themselves. Genetics can influence the way a person metabolizes alcohol, their tolerance, and their susceptibility to addiction. While environmental factors, such as stress and peer pressure, play a significant role, the genetic predisposition toward alcoholism is well documented, particularly in first-degree relatives of individuals with alcohol use disorder.

Alcoholism tends to run in families, and people with a genetic predisposition may be more vulnerable to developing dependency if they are exposed to alcohol. Understanding this genetic component is essential for both prevention and treatment strategies in individuals who are at higher risk.

Think of genetics like a loaded gun in the context of alcohol use—while the genetic factor (the loaded gun) increases the risk, environmental triggers (such as exposure to alcohol) can "pull the trigger."

Nurse Jenna should highlight the genetic risk factors for alcohol use disorder and provide strategies for reducing risk in individuals with a family history of substance abuse.

• Educate community members about the genetic link to alcohol use disorder and the importance of being aware of family history.
• Discuss early intervention strategies, such as seeking help for stress management and avoiding environments where heavy drinking occurs.
• Provide information about support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) for individuals who may be at higher risk due to family history.
• Encourage families to talk openly about the risks of alcohol use and establish healthy coping mechanisms for dealing with stress and emotions.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Barbiturates: While barbiturates can be highly addictive, there is no strong evidence to suggest that there is a specific genetic predisposition to barbiturate abuse. Addiction to these drugs is more often linked to psychological and environmental factors, such as using them for self-medication or to cope with stress.

Heroin: Heroin use is linked to environmental factors such as social and psychological stressors, but there is no established genetic predisposition specifically for heroin abuse. While some genetic factors may increase general vulnerability to addiction, these are not specific to heroin use.

Marijuana: Although marijuana use can lead to dependence for some individuals, there is limited evidence to support a strong genetic link specifically for marijuana addiction. Environmental influences, such as peer pressure and cultural acceptance, play a more significant role in marijuana use and abuse.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Rebound of norepinephrine. CNS depressants, such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates, work by suppressing brain activity, including the inhibition of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter associated with the body's "fight or flight" response. When a person is withdrawing from these substances, the brain experiences a rebound effect, causing an overactivity of norepinephrine. This sudden increase in norepinephrine leads to symptoms such as anxiety, tremors, agitation, elevated heart rate (tachycardia), and hypertension.

During withdrawal from CNS depressants, the body is essentially "overcompensating" for the loss of the depressant's effect, leading to heightened arousal and hyperactivity in the nervous system. This can make withdrawal particularly dangerous, with risks of seizures, delirium, and in some cases, life-threatening complications such as delirium tremens (in severe alcohol withdrawal).

Imagine a dam holding back a rushing river (norepinephrine) when CNS depressants are used. When the dam is removed (during withdrawal), the water rushes through at full force, overwhelming the system and causing symptoms like anxiety and agitation.

During withdrawal from CNS depressants, close monitoring and management are crucial to prevent serious complications.

• Monitor vital signs closely, especially heart rate and blood pressure, due to the increased norepinephrine activity.
• Assess the client for signs of severe withdrawal, such as tremors, agitation, or seizures, and be prepared to initiate treatment (e.g., benzodiazepine tapering protocols).
• Provide a calm, low-stimulation environment to help manage anxiety and agitation during withdrawal.
• Educate the client on the importance of medical supervision during withdrawal to prevent complications like delirium tremens (in alcohol withdrawal) or seizures.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Excess of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement, memory, and cognition, but it is not the primary neurotransmitter involved in CNS depressant withdrawal. The rebound effect during CNS depressant withdrawal is primarily related to norepinephrine rather than acetylcholine.

Depletion of dopamine. Dopamine is related to the brain's reward and pleasure system, and its depletion is more closely associated with withdrawal from substances like stimulants (e.g., cocaine or amphetamines). CNS depressant withdrawal is not primarily due to dopamine depletion.

Inhibition of serotonin. Serotonin is involved in mood regulation and feelings of well-being, but inhibition of serotonin is not the main cause of withdrawal symptoms from CNS depressants. The main issue in CNS depressant withdrawal is the overactivity of norepinephrine rather than changes in serotonin levels.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

“It sounds like you have concerns about the ECT procedure. Let's sit down and discuss any worries you might have.” This response is the most therapeutic and supportive choice. Nurse Lisa acknowledges the mother's concerns, which shows empathy and understanding. By inviting the mother to sit down and discuss her worries, Nurse Lisa is providing a safe space for her to express her fears and gain accurate information about Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT). This approach helps build trust and rapport, and allows for education about the procedure, its purpose, and potential side effects. Providing clear, evidence-based information can help alleviate the mother's anxiety and misconceptions about ECT, which is often surrounded by stigma and fear.

This response also follows the principles of therapeutic communication by validating the mother’s feelings and offering an opportunity for open dialogue, which is essential for supporting family members in making informed decisions about their loved one's care.

Imagine the mother as a passenger on a flight who is scared of turbulence (the ECT procedure). Nurse Lisa is like the flight attendant calmly explaining what to expect, addressing fears, and providing reassurance, helping to make the journey less frightening.

Nurse Lisa should provide information about ECT in simple, non-technical language, addressing specific concerns and correcting any misconceptions.

• Explain what ECT involves, including how it is performed under anesthesia and with muscle relaxants to ensure comfort and safety.
• Discuss the potential benefits of ECT, such as its effectiveness in treating severe depression or other psychiatric conditions when other treatments have failed.
• Describe the possible side effects, such as temporary memory loss or confusion, and reassure that serious complications are rare.
• Encourage the mother to ask questions and provide resources or pamphlets for further reading.
• Offer to facilitate a meeting with the psychiatrist or ECT team for more detailed discussions if needed.

✘Incorrect answer options:

“It sounds as though you need to speak with the psychiatrist.” While involving the psychiatrist is important, this response does not acknowledge the mother’s immediate concerns or provide any support. It may come across as dismissive and could increase the mother's anxiety.

“Your son has decided to have this treatment. You should be supportive of him.” This response is non-therapeutic as it disregards the mother's feelings and attempts to direct her actions without addressing her concerns. It may come across as judgmental or coercive and could damage the nurse-family relationship.

“Perhaps you’d like to see the ECT room and speak to the staff.” While this option offers some support, it may not fully address the mother's current emotional state or provide the information she needs to understand and accept the procedure. She may need more detailed discussion and reassurance before taking such a step.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Flushing, vomiting, and dizziness. Disulfiram (Antabuse) is a medication used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol. If the client consumes alcohol while taking disulfiram, they will experience a range of uncomfortable symptoms, including flushing, vomiting, dizziness, headache, sweating, and shortness of breath. This reaction occurs because disulfiram inhibits the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to the accumulation of acetaldehyde (a toxic byproduct of alcohol metabolism), which causes these unpleasant symptoms.

These adverse effects are meant to deter the individual from consuming alcohol, as even small amounts of alcohol (such as in cough syrups, mouthwashes, or cooking sauces) can trigger the reaction. The goal is to discourage alcohol consumption through the negative physical response. Nurse Megan should educate the client about avoiding all sources of alcohol while on disulfiram and what to do if they experience a reaction.

Think of disulfiram as a "shock collar" for alcohol use. Every time alcohol is consumed, the body experiences an immediate "shock" of unpleasant symptoms, discouraging further use.

Nurse Megan should ensure the client understands how to take disulfiram safely and what to avoid while on the medication.

• Educate the client about avoiding alcohol in all forms, including hidden sources such as mouthwash, cooking extracts, and certain medications.
• Explain that the reaction between disulfiram and alcohol can be severe, and the client should contact a healthcare provider if symptoms become extreme (e.g., chest pain or difficulty breathing).
• Encourage the client to wear a medical alert bracelet indicating they are taking disulfiram in case of emergencies.
• Provide information on supportive therapies, such as counseling or support groups, to help maintain sobriety while on disulfiram.
• Ensure that the client is aware of how long the effects of disulfiram last in the body—up to 2 weeks after the last dose.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Abdominal cramps and diarrhea. While gastrointestinal discomfort can occur, abdominal cramps and diarrhea are not the hallmark symptoms of a disulfiram-alcohol reaction. The primary effects involve more intense systemic reactions such as flushing, vomiting, and dizziness.

Drowsiness and reduced respiration. These symptoms are not typically associated with a disulfiram-alcohol reaction. While disulfiram itself may cause some mild drowsiness as a side effect, its interaction with alcohol does not typically result in reduced respiration.

Increased heart rate and blood pressure. While a disulfiram-alcohol reaction can include tachycardia (increased heart rate), the classic symptoms involve flushing, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Blood pressure may actually decrease in severe reactions due to hypotension.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Initiating intensive inpatient treatment. When a client like Sarah expresses daily thoughts of suicide, the most urgent priority is ensuring her immediate safety. This makes initiating intensive inpatient treatment the most appropriate recommendation. Inpatient care provides a controlled, safe environment where Sarah can be closely monitored, receive 24-hour care, and participate in intensive therapeutic interventions to manage her suicidal ideation. It also allows for crisis stabilization and a comprehensive assessment of her risk factors, including any underlying psychiatric conditions.

Suicidal ideation that occurs daily indicates a high level of risk, and it is essential to prioritize interventions that focus on preventing harm. Inpatient care ensures that Sarah is not alone during this critical period and gives the treatment team the opportunity to closely assess her needs, adjust her medication regimen if necessary, and provide intensive therapy.

Think of Sarah's situation like a car with brakes failing on a steep hill. Intensive inpatient treatment is like pulling the emergency brake—it provides immediate, intensive action to prevent a dangerous outcome.

Nurse Lisa should ensure that Sarah receives prompt inpatient care, which can include:

• Ensuring that Sarah is placed in a safe, structured environment where she is protected from self-harm.
• Monitoring Sarah’s mood, behavior, and safety through regular assessments and providing supportive, therapeutic communication.
• Collaborating with the treatment team to develop a comprehensive plan of care that includes psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and crisis stabilization.
• Educating Sarah and her family about the importance of inpatient treatment and the steps involved in crisis stabilization.
• Once stabilized, planning for follow-up care, including outpatient therapy and community support services, to ensure continuity of care after discharge.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Establishing a no-suicide contract. While no-suicide contracts (where clients agree not to harm themselves and to notify staff if they feel at risk) may sometimes be used, they are not the most reliable or effective means of ensuring safety for someone experiencing daily suicidal ideation. Contracts should not be relied on as a sole intervention and do not replace the need for intensive monitoring in an inpatient setting.

Arranging for weekly outpatient therapy. Weekly outpatient therapy is beneficial for long-term treatment but is not appropriate for managing a client with immediate, daily suicidal thoughts. Outpatient care does not provide the level of monitoring and support required to ensure Sarah’s safety during a high-risk period.

Seeking a second psychiatric evaluation. While a second opinion may be helpful for complex or unclear diagnoses, it does not address the immediate need for Sarah’s safety and stabilization. When active suicidal ideation is present, immediate action should focus on crisis intervention and stabilization, not further evaluation.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Denial. Emily is using denial, a common defense mechanism in which individuals refuse to accept the reality of a situation or minimize the severity of their behavior. By insisting she only uses drugs when stressed and rejecting the idea that she has a substance abuse problem, Emily is avoiding acknowledging the seriousness of her drug use. This is a typical response in individuals struggling with addiction, as they often minimize or deny the impact of their substance use on their lives and health.

Denial serves as a psychological defense to avoid the emotional discomfort of confronting the truth. In substance abuse treatment, addressing denial is a critical part of helping clients recognize the extent of their addiction and begin the process of recovery.

Denial is like putting up a foggy window so you don’t have to see what’s happening outside. It keeps the uncomfortable reality out of sight, but doesn’t change the reality itself.

Nurse Maria should respond to Emily’s denial with empathy and therapeutic communication to help her become more aware of the impact of her substance use.

• Use open-ended questions and reflective listening to explore Emily’s feelings and thoughts about her substance use without judgment.
• Encourage Emily to consider how her drug use affects her life and relationships, gently challenging the denial without confrontation.
• Provide education on the cycle of addiction, emphasizing that denial is a common part of the process and that recognizing the problem is the first step toward recovery.
• Offer support and resources, such as counseling or support groups, to help Emily build insight into her substance use and begin the journey toward recovery.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Compensation: Compensation involves making up for perceived deficiencies or weaknesses by excelling in another area. For example, someone who feels inadequate in one aspect of their life might work hard to excel in another to offset those feelings. This is not relevant to Emily’s response.

Suppression: Suppression is the conscious decision to put uncomfortable thoughts or feelings out of one’s mind. Unlike denial, which is unconscious, suppression is a voluntary action to avoid dealing with certain issues for the time being. Emily is not consciously avoiding her drug use; she is denying its severity.

Undoing: Undoing involves attempting to "cancel out" or reverse a negative behavior by performing a good one. For example, if someone does something they feel guilty about, they might try to make up for it by being overly kind or helpful. This does not describe Emily's behavior of minimizing her drug use.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Writing in a journal. Writing in a journal is the most suitable and calming activity for John, a patient with bipolar disorder who exhibits aggressive social behaviors. Journaling is a therapeutic activity that allows patients to express their thoughts, emotions, and frustrations in a safe and private manner. It provides a non-competitive, introspective outlet for self-reflection and self-awareness, which can help John to manage his mood swings, reduce agitation, and lower the potential for aggression. Furthermore, journaling can promote emotional stability by helping John process his feelings and identify triggers for his aggressive behaviors.

Bipolar disorder is characterized by mood instability, with episodes ranging from mania or hypomania (elevated mood, hyperactivity, and impulsivity) to depression (low mood, lethargy, and hopelessness). In the manic phase, patients can display irritability, impulsivity, and aggressive behaviors due to increased energy, racing thoughts, and impaired judgment. Therapeutic activities, such as journaling, can serve as a form of cognitive-behavioral intervention, helping to regulate these emotions by providing a structured way to express and process thoughts and feelings.

Journaling can be particularly effective in promoting neuroplasticity, which is the brain's ability to adapt and reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. Engaging in reflective writing may activate the prefrontal cortex (the area of the brain associated with reasoning, decision-making, and self-control) and decrease the activity in the amygdala (the brain's emotional center responsible for fear, anger, and aggression). This shift can help reduce aggressive impulses and enhance emotional regulation.

Think of writing in a journal like having a one-on-one conversation with yourself. Just as you might feel calmer after talking through your problems with a trusted friend, journaling lets you "talk" through your emotions and sort them out privately, reducing your inner tension.

Nurses should encourage the use of journaling as a therapeutic activity by providing materials like a notebook and pen, creating a quiet and comfortable space for writing, and offering guidance on how to reflect on emotions effectively. It is also important to monitor John for any signs of increased distress while journaling, as writing may bring up challenging emotions that may require additional support.

• Encourage journaling regularly as part of John's daily routine to help him manage his emotions consistently.
• Use journaling prompts or themes to guide John in his reflections if he finds it challenging to start.
• Offer to discuss any insights or feelings that John feels comfortable sharing, reinforcing positive communication and support.
• Monitor John's mood after journaling to ensure that it remains a beneficial activity and adjust if it leads to increased agitation.
• Integrate this activity into a broader therapeutic plan that includes other calming strategies like breathing exercises or mindfulness.

✘Incorrect answer options:

A game of ping pong. While a game of ping pong may provide physical activity, it is a competitive sport that could increase agitation or aggression in someone already exhibiting aggressive behaviors. The quick pace and competitive nature may provoke frustration or anxiety rather than calm John down.

Playing a game of chess. Chess, although non-physical and requiring concentration, is a competitive game that might increase tension and frustration, especially if John loses or feels challenged. Given John's aggressive behaviors, this option may not be the most calming or suitable activity for him.

Participating in a basketball game. Basketball is a high-energy and team-based sport that involves physical contact, competition, and quick decision-making. This can exacerbate aggressive behaviors in John, making it an unsuitable activity for calming purposes. Instead of helping John to calm down, it might increase his excitement and potential for conflict.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Call the nursing supervisor." The most important nursing action is to call the nursing supervisor. When a client expresses the desire to leave the hospital against medical advice (AMA), it is essential to follow hospital protocols. The nursing supervisor is typically involved in situations where a client wants to leave AMA to ensure proper procedures are followed, such as discussing the risks with the client, obtaining an informed consent for AMA discharge, and documenting the incident properly.

The nursing supervisor can provide support and guidance in managing the situation, including ensuring that the client is informed of the potential risks of leaving before completing their treatment. The supervisor can also help in assessing the client’s capacity to make an informed decision and may facilitate a discussion with the physician if necessary.

Think of the nursing supervisor as the team captain who is called in when a player wants to leave the game unexpectedly. The captain ensures that everyone follows the rules and helps to manage the situation smoothly.

Nurse Elena should continue to communicate calmly and clearly with the client, and ensure the client is aware of the potential consequences of leaving.

• Inform the client of the risks and consequences of leaving the hospital AMA, including any potential harm from missing scheduled tests or treatments.
• Document the client’s request to leave and any communication about the risks in the medical record.
• Assess the client's mental status to determine if they are capable of making an informed decision.
• Work with the nursing supervisor to determine if the physician should be contacted to discuss the situation directly with the client.
• Ensure the client signs an AMA form if they still wish to leave, acknowledging the risks.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Restrain the client until the physician can be reached." This action is not appropriate unless the client poses an immediate risk of harm to themselves or others. Restraining a client against their will can be considered false imprisonment and violates the client’s right to autonomy, especially if the client is competent and has the right to leave AMA.

"Call security to block all areas." Calling security to prevent the client from leaving is also not appropriate unless there is an immediate threat to safety. The client has the right to leave the hospital if they are competent and fully informed of the risks, and blocking exits could escalate the situation unnecessarily.

"Inform the client that they cannot return to this hospital if they leave now." This statement is not accurate and can be perceived as coercive or threatening. Clients have the right to access care at the hospital regardless of whether they leave AMA. It is more important to focus on informing the client of the risks and ensuring they make an informed decision.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Methadone: Methadone is a long-acting opioid agonist frequently prescribed as part of a medication-assisted treatment (MAT) program for individuals with heroin addiction. Methadone works by binding to the same opioid receptors in the brain as heroin but without producing the euphoric effects associated with heroin use. This allows clients to experience a stable, non-euphoric state, reducing cravings and withdrawal symptoms, and helping them engage in rehabilitation and recovery.

Methadone maintenance therapy helps prevent the "highs and lows" of heroin addiction, providing a more controlled and safer alternative. It is dispensed under strict medical supervision and can be used as part of a comprehensive treatment plan that includes counseling and behavioral therapies. Methadone can help clients gradually reduce their dependence on opioids while improving their quality of life and reducing the risks associated with heroin use, such as overdose and infections.

Think of methadone like a "steady bridge" that helps clients cross from addiction to recovery. It provides stability without the dangerous highs and lows of heroin, allowing for a smoother path forward.

Nurse Lisa should provide education and monitor the client throughout methadone treatment to ensure safety and effectiveness.

• Educate the client about the importance of adhering to their methadone regimen and attending regular follow-up appointments.
• Monitor for potential side effects of methadone, such as constipation, drowsiness, or respiratory depression.
• Assess the client for signs of methadone misuse and ensure that the medication is being used as prescribed.
• Encourage the client to participate in counseling or therapy to address the psychological aspects of addiction.
• Provide support and resources for long-term recovery, such as connecting the client with support groups like Narcotics Anonymous (NA).

✘Incorrect answer options:

Diazepam: Diazepam is a benzodiazepine used primarily to treat anxiety, seizures, or alcohol withdrawal. It is not a substitute for heroin use or part of opioid addiction treatment, as it does not address opioid receptors or manage opioid cravings.

Carbamazepine: Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer used to treat seizure disorders or bipolar disorder. It does not have a role in treating heroin addiction or managing opioid withdrawal symptoms.

Clonidine: Clonidine is an antihypertensive medication that is sometimes used to manage some withdrawal symptoms (e.g., anxiety, agitation, sweating) during opioid detoxification. However, it is not a long-term substitute for heroin, nor does it target opioid receptors like methadone does.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Stay with the client. In a severe state of anxiety, the client is likely experiencing intense fear or panic, which can lead to feelings of being overwhelmed or unsafe. The most appropriate nursing intervention is for Nurse Alex to stay with the client, as this provides a sense of security and support. Being present helps to reassure the client that she is not alone and that someone is there to help her through the anxiety. This intervention also allows the nurse to assess the client's condition continuously and to intervene if her anxiety escalates further.

In cases of severe anxiety, patients may have difficulty processing information or following instructions. They may also feel disoriented or detached from reality. The presence of a calm, supportive nurse can help ground the client, providing both emotional and psychological support.

Imagine being lost in a forest at night and feeling terrified. Having someone by your side, holding a flashlight, and assuring you that you are safe would be much more comforting than being left alone. Staying with the client is like being that supportive person holding the flashlight.

Nurse Alex should maintain a calm demeanor, use a soothing voice, and avoid any actions or words that might increase the client’s anxiety.

• Use simple, direct communication to reassure the client, such as saying, “I’m here with you; you are safe.”
• Observe the client’s behavior and monitor vital signs to assess the severity of anxiety and physiological responses (e.g., tachycardia, hyperventilation).
• Avoid excessive stimuli and help the client focus on breathing and grounding techniques once she is slightly calmer.
• If appropriate, use distraction techniques (e.g., a calming picture or sound) to help shift the client’s focus away from the source of anxiety.
• Document the client’s anxiety level, behavior, and response to interventions in her medical record.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Place the client in a quiet room. While reducing stimuli can be helpful, placing the client in a quiet room without staying with her may increase feelings of isolation and worsen anxiety. The client needs a supportive presence to feel safe and secure during this acute state of anxiety.

Teach the client deep breathing techniques. Deep breathing is a valuable relaxation technique, but it may not be effective when a client is in a severe state of anxiety. At this stage, the client may be too overwhelmed to focus on learning or implementing new techniques. Staying with the client should be the first priority before introducing such techniques.

Encourage the client to express her feelings and concerns. Encouraging expression of feelings is important, but it may not be appropriate in the initial phase of severe anxiety. When the client is in a state of panic or extreme anxiety, she may not be able to articulate her feelings effectively. It is more important initially to provide a calming presence.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Depressants: Opioids are classified as CNS depressants. They work by depressing (slowing down) the central nervous system, particularly the brain's response to pain, which is why they are widely used as analgesics (pain relievers). Opioids bind to opioid receptors in the brain, reducing the perception of pain and producing feelings of euphoria and relaxation. However, because they also depress respiratory function and heart rate, opioid overdose can lead to life-threatening respiratory depression and death.

This CNS depressant effect is a key reason why opioids must be prescribed and monitored carefully, as they carry a high risk of addiction, tolerance, and overdose.

Think of opioids like a dimmer switch on a light (your brain). They turn down the "brightness" of pain signals, but if turned down too far, they also dim other critical functions like breathing and heart rate.

Nurse Mia should be aware of the potential risks associated with opioids and their depressant effects on the CNS.

• Monitor patients closely for signs of respiratory depression, especially after opioid administration, as this is a critical side effect of CNS depressants.
• Educate patients about the risk of opioid addiction and the importance of following prescribed doses.
• In case of opioid overdose, be prepared to administer naloxone (Narcan), an opioid antagonist that reverses the effects of opioid overdose by displacing opioids from their receptors.
• Advocate for multimodal pain management strategies to minimize opioid use, such as combining non-opioid analgesics, physical therapy, and cognitive-behavioral approaches.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Hallucinogenics: Hallucinogens, such as LSD or psilocybin, alter perceptions, thoughts, and consciousness. Opioids, by contrast, do not cause hallucinations but rather depress CNS function to manage pain.

Stimulants: Stimulants, like amphetamines or cocaine, increase CNS activity, leading to heightened alertness, energy, and euphoria. Opioids have the opposite effect, depressing the CNS rather than stimulating it.

Tranquilizers: While opioids have sedative properties, tranquilizers typically refer to anxiolytic drugs like benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam) that are primarily used to reduce anxiety. Opioids are not classified as tranquilizers because their primary purpose is analgesia.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"What do you find difficult about this situation?" This response is the most helpful and therapeutic because it encourages the spouse to explore and express their feelings about the situation. By asking an open-ended question, Nurse Susan is facilitating a discussion that allows the spouse to talk about their experiences and emotions, which can be validating and provide insight into their concerns. This approach helps to build rapport and trust, creating a safe space for the spouse to express their feelings without fear of judgment. It also allows Nurse Susan to gather more information, which is essential in providing appropriate support and guidance.

This type of therapeutic communication technique aligns with active listening principles, helping the spouse feel heard and understood. It is more effective than making assumptions or offering direct advice, as it empowers the individual to explore their own thoughts and come to their conclusions.

Imagine being on a difficult journey and someone asking, “What is making this journey tough for you?” rather than telling you what to do. This question allows you to reflect on the challenges and think of possible solutions or ways to cope.

Nurse Susan should continue to use therapeutic communication techniques to support the spouse in expressing their feelings and exploring their concerns.

• Encourage the spouse to share more about their feelings, thoughts, and specific aspects of the situation they find challenging.
• Validate the spouse's emotions by acknowledging that it is natural to feel overwhelmed or unsure in this situation.
• Provide information on resources such as counseling services, support groups, or social services that can assist in dealing with the challenges of living with someone struggling with alcohol dependence.
• Assess the spouse for signs of stress, anxiety, or burnout and provide appropriate support or referrals as needed.
• Reinforce that seeking help or support is a positive step and that the spouse is not alone in this situation.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"I agree with you. You should get out of this situation." This response is non-therapeutic because it implies judgment and provides direct advice without fully understanding the spouse's feelings or the complexities of their situation. It could also damage the trust between the nurse and the spouse if the spouse feels pressured or misunderstood.

"Why don’t you tell your husband about this?" This response is not helpful because it may put the spouse in a position where they feel pressured to confront their partner in a potentially unstable or unsafe situation. It does not provide the emotional support needed or address the spouse's concerns.

"This is not the best time to make that decision." While there may be some truth in not making major decisions during stressful times, this response is dismissive and does not invite further discussion. It minimizes the spouse's feelings and can discourage them from exploring their thoughts and emotions more deeply.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Restore depleted dopamine levels. Bromocriptine (Parlodel) is a dopamine agonist, which means it works by stimulating dopamine receptors and helping to restore depleted dopamine levels in the brain. This medication can be used during the detoxification process for amphetamine abuse because long-term use of stimulants like amphetamines depletes dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in mood regulation, motivation, and pleasure. Dopamine depletion can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, depression, and anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure) during amphetamine withdrawal.

By administering bromocriptine, Nurse Carla is helping to alleviate these withdrawal symptoms by compensating for the decreased dopamine activity, which can support the client in managing the detoxification process more comfortably. This helps to stabilize mood and reduce the cravings or depressive symptoms associated with dopamine depletion.

Think of dopamine like fuel for your brain's pleasure and motivation engine. After amphetamine abuse, the tank is running low. Bromocriptine helps refill the tank by boosting dopamine levels, making withdrawal more manageable.

Nurse Carla should monitor Bryan’s response to bromocriptine and assess for any side effects.

• Assess for improvement in withdrawal symptoms, such as decreased fatigue, mood stabilization, and reduced cravings.
• Monitor for potential side effects of bromocriptine, including nausea, hypotension, or dizziness.
• Provide education on the role of dopamine in mood regulation and how bromocriptine helps restore balance during withdrawal.
• Encourage Bryan to participate in long-term treatment plans, such as therapy or counseling, for amphetamine addiction to address the underlying causes of substance use.
• Ensure proper hydration and a balanced diet, as detoxification can be physically demanding.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Assist in GABA inhibition. Bromocriptine does not affect the GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) system. GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and medications that influence GABA, such as benzodiazepines, are used for conditions like anxiety or alcohol withdrawal, not specifically for amphetamine detoxification.

Prevent excess norepinephrine. Bromocriptine does not act on norepinephrine levels. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter involved in the body’s stress response. While amphetamine use can increase norepinephrine, bromocriptine specifically targets dopamine receptors.

Manage psychotic symptoms. Although bromocriptine may improve mood and reduce withdrawal symptoms, it is not used as an antipsychotic. Antipsychotic medications are typically used to manage psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions, which are not the primary focus of bromocriptine’s mechanism of action.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"I'm here to listen. Tell me what makes you feel this way." This response is the most therapeutic because it is open-ended and invites the patient to express their feelings without judgment or direction. It shows that Nurse Mia is present, empathetic, and genuinely interested in understanding Tom's perspective. This approach helps to build trust and rapport, making it more likely that Tom will open up about his feelings and provide insight into his low self-esteem. By encouraging Tom to share his thoughts and feelings, Nurse Mia validates his experience and provides a safe space for him to explore his emotions, which is a key aspect of therapeutic communication.

Therapeutic communication techniques, such as using open-ended questions, active listening, and reflecting the patient's feelings, are essential in helping patients like Tom express and process their emotions. This approach also empowers the patient by giving them control over the conversation, allowing them to direct the focus of the discussion toward what is most troubling them.

Think of a nurse as a sounding board for a patient’s emotions. Just like a sounding board helps amplify sound, the nurse helps amplify and reflect the patient’s feelings so they feel heard and understood, which can be the first step toward healing.

Nurse Mia should maintain an open, attentive posture, make appropriate eye contact, and use active listening cues such as nodding or small verbal affirmations to encourage further communication.

• Use silence appropriately to give Tom time to gather his thoughts and express himself fully.
• Provide validation and acknowledgment of Tom's feelings, such as saying, "It sounds like you’re feeling really down on yourself right now."
• Monitor Tom’s responses for any signs of escalating distress or suicidal ideation and be prepared to intervene if necessary.
• Encourage Tom to explore the origins of his feelings and consider what factors may be contributing to his low self-esteem.
• Maintain a non-judgmental and empathetic demeanor throughout the interaction to foster a trusting relationship.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"You shouldn't think that way; everyone has strengths." This response is non-therapeutic because it minimizes the patient's feelings and can come across as dismissive or invalidating. Telling the patient how they "should" think may also feel judgmental and does not encourage further discussion or exploration of the patient’s emotions.

"Why do you feel like a failure? Can you explain more?" While this question invites the patient to talk, the word "why" can seem confrontational or judgmental, implying that the patient must justify their feelings. It may cause the patient to feel defensive or reluctant to share more. It is better to use more open-ended, non-judgmental prompts, such as "Tell me more about what you're feeling."

"You have to stop thinking so negatively about yourself." This statement is directive and non-therapeutic because it implies that the patient is at fault for their thoughts and feelings. It does not validate the patient’s emotions and can increase feelings of guilt or shame, making the patient less likely to open up about their struggles.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"How long have you been using substances, and how often do you use them?" When performing an initial assessment for a patient undergoing detoxification, it is crucial to obtain specific information regarding the pattern, duration, and frequency of substance use. This question directly addresses the patient's substance use history, which is essential for understanding the extent of physical dependency, the risk of withdrawal symptoms, and the appropriate interventions. Knowing the duration of use and the frequency helps in determining the risk of severe withdrawal symptoms, such as delirium tremens (DTs) in alcohol dependence or seizures in benzodiazepine withdrawal. Moreover, the type of substance, dose, and patterns of use allow the healthcare team to establish a baseline and develop a detoxification plan that is safe and effective.

Imagine you're trying to help someone quit an unhealthy habit like overeating. You would first want to know how often they eat unhealthy foods and how long they've been doing it. This helps you understand the scope of the problem so you can plan the best way to help them stop. Similarly, understanding the pattern and duration of substance use helps nurses plan the safest detoxification process for the patient.

In the early stages of detoxification, it is critical to collect relevant information about the patient's substance use history and monitor for withdrawal symptoms. Accurate assessment not only helps in tailoring the detoxification process but also guides the healthcare team in providing the right medical interventions. Here are a few essential nursing considerations during the initial assessment:

• Assess the type of substances used (e.g., alcohol, opioids, stimulants), quantity, frequency, and duration of use.
• Determine the potential for withdrawal symptoms based on the substances used.
• Monitor for signs and symptoms of withdrawal and administer medications as prescribed to manage withdrawal symptoms.
• Educate the patient about the detoxification process and provide emotional support.
• Coordinate care with an interdisciplinary team, including substance abuse counselors and social workers.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"What have your friends and family said about your substance use?" While this question may provide insight into the patient's support system and external perspectives on their substance use, it is not a priority during the initial assessment for detoxification. The focus at this stage should be on understanding the patient's substance use history to assess physical dependency and withdrawal risk, not on others' opinions.

"Have you tried quitting before, and how did that go?" This question is relevant for understanding the patient's past attempts at recovery and any challenges they may have faced, but it is secondary to determining the current pattern and extent of substance use, which is critical for the detoxification process. This information can be gathered later in the assessment.

"Do you think you can stop using substances on your own?" This question explores the patient’s self-efficacy and motivation, which are important in long-term recovery but are not the primary focus of an initial detox assessment. The goal at this stage is to address immediate medical and safety concerns related to withdrawal, not to evaluate the patient's confidence in quitting.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Focus and redirect the conversation as necessary. In a manic episode, clients often experience rapid, pressured speech, racing thoughts, and difficulty maintaining focus on one topic. Nurse Ellen should focus and redirect the conversation as necessary to maintain a structured and coherent interaction. This helps prevent the conversation from becoming too scattered or overwhelming, which could exacerbate the client’s mania. By gently and consistently redirecting the client back to the main topic, Nurse Ellen can help the client stay grounded and promote more effective communication.

Maintaining focus during communication with a manic client ensures that important information is shared and that the nurse can assess the client's mental state accurately. Redirecting conversations, when done in a calm and nonjudgmental manner, can also reduce anxiety and overstimulation in clients experiencing mania.

Think of the conversation as a boat drifting in a strong current (the manic episode). Nurse Ellen is like the person steering the boat, helping guide it back on course (redirecting the conversation) when it starts to drift too far off track.

Nurse Ellen should use short, clear statements and maintain a calm, non-threatening demeanor while communicating with the client. Other communication strategies include:

• Use closed-ended questions to help the client focus on specific topics and reduce the likelihood of tangential speech.
• Acknowledge the client's feelings but redirect them when they go off-topic.
• Keep the environment calm and minimize stimuli to prevent further escalation of manic symptoms.
• Be patient and avoid frustration if the client struggles to stay on topic; this is a symptom of mania, not intentional behavior.
• Set gentle limits on how long the client can speak about a particular topic before refocusing on key issues.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Address the client in a light and joking manner. This is inappropriate, as it may be interpreted as dismissive or belittling by the client. Clients experiencing mania require clear, calm, and respectful communication, not joking or playful interactions, which could escalate manic behaviors or decrease trust.

Allow the client to discuss several different topics. This would not be effective, as clients in a manic state already tend to jump rapidly between topics. Allowing them to do so without guidance would only increase disorganization and confusion in the conversation, making it more difficult to communicate effectively.

Ask only open-ended questions to facilitate conversation. Open-ended questions are useful in many clinical situations but are generally not the best approach for a client experiencing mania. Open-ended questions may encourage the client to talk excessively or go off-topic, making it more challenging to maintain focus. Instead, closed-ended questions can help guide the conversation in a more structured way.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Report the co-worker's behavior to the appropriate supervisor. Patient safety is the top priority, and Nurse Rob is ethically obligated to report any behavior that puts clients at risk. Reporting the co-worker's intoxicated behavior to the appropriate supervisor ensures that the situation is addressed through the correct channels. This allows the healthcare facility to take immediate action to protect patients and provide the co-worker with the support and intervention they may need, such as access to an employee assistance program (EAP) or referral to a rehabilitation program.

The co-worker's impaired state directly compromises their ability to deliver safe and effective care, increasing the risk of medication errors, poor decision-making, and inadequate patient monitoring. The supervisor will be responsible for taking the necessary steps, such as removing the co-worker from their duties, assessing the situation, and coordinating interventions that address both patient safety and the co-worker's well-being.

Reporting the situation to a supervisor is like alerting the captain of a ship when you see a major problem with the engine—it ensures that someone with authority can take immediate action to fix the issue before it causes serious harm.

Nurse Rob should prioritize patient safety while also ensuring that the co-worker receives appropriate support and intervention.

• Report the behavior to a supervisor or manager privately and promptly, providing specific details about the observed intoxication and frequency.
• Avoid confronting the co-worker directly, as this could lead to defensiveness, escalate the situation, or cause further harm if the co-worker is currently impaired.
• Understand that the impaired nurse may be struggling with substance use disorder, which requires professional intervention and treatment, rather than judgment or punishment.
• Follow the facility’s protocol for reporting impaired healthcare professionals, ensuring documentation is completed as required.
• Ensure that patient care is reassigned to other nurses as needed to prevent any lapses in safety or quality of care.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Disregard the co-worker's behavior, but closely monitor the clients under their care. Ignoring the co-worker's behavior does not address the root problem and places patients at continued risk. While monitoring the clients under the co-worker's care is important, it is insufficient in resolving the safety concerns. The situation needs to be formally addressed by leadership.

Bring up general safety concerns during the next staff meeting. Discussing general safety issues in a staff meeting is indirect and does not immediately address the specific, serious concern of a nurse working while intoxicated. Patient safety requires immediate intervention, and raising vague concerns in a group setting will delay action and may not lead to the necessary response.

Caution the co-worker that their actions are unsafe. Confronting the co-worker directly can create tension and may not effectively resolve the issue. The co-worker might deny the problem or become defensive, and Nurse Rob does not have the authority to intervene in a way that ensures patient safety and addresses the co-worker’s impairment. It is better to follow the chain of command and involve a supervisor who can take appropriate actions.

EXPLANATION

✔ Correct answer:

Collaborate with a nutritionist, provide several small meals throughout the day, and plan brief nursing interactions during meals. This intervention is the most comprehensive and appropriate choice for addressing Sarah's imbalanced nutrition due to poor nutritional intake caused by major depression. Depression often leads to decreased appetite, lack of interest in eating, and sometimes weight loss due to altered neurotransmitter function affecting hunger and satiety signals. Providing small, frequent meals helps ensure that Sarah receives adequate nutrition without overwhelming her, which can be crucial given her current condition.

Collaborating with a nutritionist allows for a tailored dietary plan to meet Sarah's specific nutritional needs, taking into account her preferences and the depression's impact on her eating habits. Brief nursing interactions during meals can provide gentle encouragement, support, and a positive social context, which may help increase her willingness to eat and maintain adequate nutrition. This holistic approach integrates medical, nutritional, and psychological support, which is vital for treating patients with severe depression.

In major depression, especially in severe cases, patients may experience significant alterations in appetite and energy intake. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying depression often involve changes in the levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. These changes can affect the hypothalamus, the brain region responsible for regulating hunger and satiety, leading to reduced appetite and poor nutritional intake. Furthermore, patients with severe depression often experience fatigue, lack of motivation, and anhedonia (loss of pleasure in activities), which can decrease their interest in eating or preparing meals.

A structured approach that includes small, frequent meals can help manage these symptoms by providing manageable portions that are less likely to overwhelm the patient. Collaborating with a nutritionist ensures that the nutritional content of the meals is appropriate and balanced, and incorporating nursing support during meals can offer social interaction and encouragement, which may positively influence eating behavior.

Think of providing several small meals like feeding a baby who isn’t hungry – small amounts frequently are more manageable than large amounts all at once, and providing encouragement can help coax the baby into eating more over time.

Nurses should create a calm and supportive environment during meal times, offer food that the patient prefers and is culturally appropriate, and monitor the patient’s intake closely to ensure adequate nutrition is being achieved. Regular assessments of weight and nutritional status should also be part of the care plan.

• Encourage the patient to eat small, frequent meals that are nutritionally dense.
• Offer food choices that the patient finds appealing, even if they are not typically part of a healthy diet, to encourage any food intake.
• Monitor daily food and fluid intake to assess whether the patient’s nutritional needs are being met.
• Provide emotional support and gentle encouragement during meals.
• Assess for signs of dehydration or malnutrition and address them promptly.

✘ Incorrect answer options:

Educate the client on the importance of maintaining a good nutritional intake. While education is important, it may not be effective in a patient with severe depression who lacks motivation and energy to act on the information provided. In this case, direct action and supportive measures are needed rather than just education.

Weigh the client three times per week before breakfast. Regularly weighing the patient may help monitor weight loss, but it does not address the root cause of the nutritional imbalance or actively promote improved intake. While this might be a component of the care plan, it is not a primary intervention.

Inform the psychiatrist about the nutritional issue and request a nutritional consult promptly. Notifying the psychiatrist is important, but it does not address the immediate need to provide practical, supportive nutritional care. This option is limited to a referral and lacks direct intervention to improve Sarah's nutrition in the moment.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Develop a structured daily schedule of activities and encourage the client to join. During the initial phase of hospitalization for depression, it is important to provide a structured environment for the patient. Depression often results in low energy levels, lack of motivation, and a reduced ability to make decisions. A structured schedule helps to reduce the overwhelming feeling that can accompany open-ended choices and supports the patient in engaging in activities that can improve mood and provide a sense of accomplishment.

By creating a structured daily schedule and encouraging participation, Nurse Carol is helping to promote routine and stability, which can be therapeutic for individuals with depression. This approach ensures that Lisa is gently guided into activities that can help combat depressive symptoms, such as social withdrawal, inactivity, and lack of motivation, while still providing some autonomy in her participation.

Think of the structured schedule as a set of guide rails on a winding road. For someone struggling with depression, these rails (the schedule) help to keep them on the path, preventing them from feeling lost or overwhelmed by too many choices or a lack of direction.

Nurses should carefully design the schedule to balance rest with activities, avoid overwhelming the patient, and include activities that promote social interaction, physical activity, and relaxation.

• Gradually introduce activities that are of interest to the patient to foster engagement and motivation.
• Provide positive reinforcement and encouragement for any participation in activities, regardless of the level of engagement.
• Monitor the patient’s response to the structured schedule and adjust as needed to accommodate the patient’s mood and energy levels.
• Encourage participation in group activities that provide social support and reduce isolation.
• Facilitate communication with the patient about their preferences and comfort level with activities.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Suggest a quiet, solitary activity like completing a puzzle or reading a book to prevent increased fatigue. While solitary activities can be calming, they do not provide the structure or social interaction that is beneficial for patients with depression. Solitary activities can sometimes reinforce isolation and withdrawal, which may worsen depressive symptoms. Instead, a structured daily schedule that includes a mix of activities is more effective in promoting engagement and improving mood.

Wait until the client expresses a desire to engage in the hospital environment. This option is not ideal because patients with depression often lack motivation and may not independently express a desire to participate in activities. Waiting for Lisa to initiate engagement could lead to prolonged periods of inactivity and isolation, which can further exacerbate depressive symptoms.

Present a list of daily activities and require participation in all of them. This approach could overwhelm Lisa and increase her feelings of anxiety or frustration. Requiring participation in all activities may feel punitive and may not consider Lisa's current energy levels or mood. Instead, encouragement and gradual introduction to activities are more likely to result in a positive outcome.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Engaging in nonstop physical activity with inadequate nutritional intake. This symptom should prompt Nurse David to intervene immediately because nonstop physical activity combined with inadequate nutritional intake can lead to severe physical exhaustion, dehydration, and malnutrition. Patients in a manic state often have increased energy levels, reduced need for sleep, and impaired judgment, which can result in them neglecting their basic physical needs. If left unchecked, this behavior could lead to serious health complications such as electrolyte imbalances, cardiac issues, or even death due to exhaustion or lack of vital nutrients.

In patients experiencing mania, ensuring safety is a top priority. Physiological needs, such as nutrition, hydration, and rest, must be addressed first according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Immediate intervention is required to promote adequate nutrition and hydration, reduce physical activity to prevent exhaustion, and provide a calming environment to encourage rest.

Think of Carla as a car that is racing at full speed without stopping to refuel. Eventually, the car will run out of gas and may break down. Similarly, Carla needs to be "refueled" with food, water, and rest to prevent her body from "breaking down."

Nurse David should take steps to ensure Carla receives proper nutrition, hydration, and rest.

• Offer high-calorie, nutritious snacks that are easy to consume, such as smoothies, finger foods, or protein bars.
• Encourage frequent, small meals to accommodate Carla’s limited attention span and busy behavior.
• Monitor fluid intake to prevent dehydration and consider providing electrolyte-rich drinks.
• Create a calm and quiet environment to encourage rest and reduce stimuli that may further increase Carla's manic behaviors.
• Use therapeutic communication to gently redirect Carla from excessive activity and promote short periods of rest or relaxation.
• Assess for any signs of physical exhaustion, dehydration, or electrolyte imbalance, and be prepared to intervene accordingly.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Exhibiting outlandish behaviors and wearing inappropriate clothing. While these behaviors are common in mania and may require intervention to maintain dignity or appropriate social behavior, they do not pose an immediate physical danger. Interventions can be focused on gentle redirection or providing alternative clothing but are not as urgent as addressing nutritional and physical exhaustion.

Expressing grandiose delusions of being a royal descendant of King Arthur. Grandiose delusions are a typical symptom of mania but do not require immediate intervention unless they result in harmful behaviors. Addressing these delusions involves therapeutic communication techniques, reality orientation, and medication management, but they are not as urgent as the immediate physiological needs posed by nonstop activity with inadequate intake.

Continuously talking with sexual innuendos and teasing staff members. While inappropriate sexual behavior is disruptive and can affect the therapeutic environment, it is not an immediate physical threat. Managing such behavior requires setting boundaries, using redirection, and employing therapeutic communication, but it does not have the same level of urgency as ensuring Carla's physical health and safety.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Disturbed thought processes. In the context of a patient with major depression, recurrent with psychotic features, the highest priority for ensuring a safe environment is to focus on disturbed thought processes. Patients with this condition may experience delusions, hallucinations, or other forms of impaired reality testing. These symptoms can lead to behaviors that pose a risk to the patient's safety, such as self-harm, suicide attempts, or aggression. Psychotic features such as delusions (false beliefs) or hallucinations (false sensory perceptions) can significantly impair judgment and increase the risk of injury to oneself or others.

Addressing disturbed thought processes involves closely monitoring the patient for signs of suicidal ideation, hallucinations, or delusions that could provoke dangerous behavior. It also involves providing a safe and supportive environment, using therapeutic communication techniques to assess the content of the patient's thoughts, and implementing interventions that reduce the risk of harm (e.g., removing dangerous objects, ensuring proper medication administration, and maintaining close supervision).

Think of the patient's mind like a cloudy sky where dangerous thunderstorms (disturbed thoughts) can appear suddenly. Nurse Laura's role is to watch for signs of these storms and take precautions to keep the patient safe, like grounding all flights in a stormy area.

The nurse should use strategies to manage the disturbed thought processes and promote safety.

• Regularly assess the patient's thoughts, especially for suicidal ideation, and document any changes.
• Maintain a calm, non-threatening environment that minimizes stimuli that could provoke hallucinations or delusions.
• Ensure the patient is receiving prescribed medications, such as antipsychotics or antidepressants, to help manage their symptoms.
• Use reality orientation techniques to help the patient differentiate between what is real and what is not.
• Establish a trusting relationship to encourage the patient to share troubling thoughts or feelings.
• Consider one-on-one observation if the patient poses a high risk of harm to themselves or others.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Imbalanced nutrition. While nutrition is important, it is not the most immediate safety concern for a patient with major depression and psychotic features. Imbalanced nutrition may become a focus after ensuring that the patient's thoughts and behaviors are stable and do not pose a risk of harm.

Self-care deficit. A self-care deficit is relevant for individuals with depression, who may neglect personal hygiene and daily activities. However, this is not the primary safety concern compared to the risk posed by disturbed thought processes in a patient with psychotic features. Addressing self-care can be secondary to managing thoughts that could lead to self-harm or other unsafe behaviors.

Deficient knowledge. While educating the patient about their condition and treatment is valuable, it is not the most critical aspect to focus on when the primary concern is the patient's immediate safety. Education can be incorporated once the patient's thoughts are more stable and their safety is assured.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answers:

Monitor the patient’s vital signs regularly. Monitoring vital signs is crucial during alcohol withdrawal as it allows Nurse Lee to identify early signs of complications such as hypertension, tachycardia, or hyperthermia. These are all symptoms of autonomic hyperactivity that can occur during alcohol withdrawal, and monitoring is essential for timely intervention to prevent more severe conditions like seizures or delirium tremens (DTs).

Offer reality orientation as needed. Patients going through alcohol withdrawal may experience confusion or disorientation, particularly in the case of more severe symptoms such as hallucinations or delirium. Offering reality orientation can help reorient the patient to time, place, and person, reducing anxiety and promoting a sense of safety and stability during the withdrawal process.

Address any hallucinations in a therapeutic manner. Alcohol withdrawal can lead to hallucinations, and it is important to manage these symptoms in a therapeutic, non-judgmental manner. Nurse Lee should acknowledge the patient’s experience without reinforcing the hallucinations, while reassuring the patient of their safety and providing calm, supportive care. This helps reduce distress and can prevent agitation or panic in the patient.

✘Incorrect answers:

Minimize environmental stimulation. While reducing stimulation can be important in some cases, it is not a top priority in managing alcohol withdrawal unless the patient shows signs of severe agitation or delirium. The focus should be more on vital sign monitoring, managing physical symptoms, and addressing disorientation or hallucinations.

Encourage a balanced diet and hydration. Although nutrition and hydration are important for overall recovery, they are not the most immediate priorities during acute alcohol withdrawal. The primary focus should be on managing withdrawal symptoms, monitoring for complications, and ensuring patient safety. Hydration and nutrition can be addressed once the patient is more stable.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Denial. In the context of a client who is the sole survivor of a traumatic event, such as a train accident, denial is a psychological symptom that Nurse Heather would most likely expect to find. Denial is a common defense mechanism used by individuals to cope with overwhelming emotions and trauma. It involves refusing to accept the reality of a distressing event or minimizing its impact to avoid the pain associated with it. For someone who has survived a traumatic accident, denial may manifest as difficulty acknowledging what has happened, disbelief, or feeling numb or detached from the event.

Denial can serve as an initial protective response, giving the individual time to process the trauma at their own pace. However, if prolonged, it can prevent proper emotional processing and delay recovery. As part of the nursing care plan, Nurse Heather should monitor for signs of denial and provide supportive interventions to help the client gradually face and process the reality of the traumatic experience.

Imagine denial like a dam holding back water (the intense emotions after a trauma). Initially, the dam protects the area from flooding, but over time, it must be carefully released to avoid overflow and damage. Similarly, denial temporarily protects the mind from being overwhelmed by trauma, but gradually addressing the reality is necessary for healing.

Nurse Heather should provide a supportive environment where the client feels safe to express feelings and thoughts.

• Encourage the client to talk about their experience when they feel ready, without forcing the discussion.
• Offer empathy and validate the client's feelings, understanding that denial can be a normal part of the grief process.
• Monitor the client for other symptoms of post-traumatic stress, such as intrusive thoughts, nightmares, or avoidance behaviors.
• Provide education on the normal responses to trauma and available resources for psychological support, such as counseling or support groups.
• Collaborate with a mental health professional to assess for any additional psychological needs and develop an appropriate care plan.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Indifference: Indifference is not typically a psychological symptom associated with trauma. Clients who experience a traumatic event may feel numb or detached, but this is different from indifference, which suggests a lack of interest or concern. Trauma survivors often experience intense emotions or avoidance behaviors rather than true indifference.

Perfectionism: Perfectionism is generally associated with anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive tendencies, or personality traits and is not a common symptom immediately following a traumatic event like a train accident. It is less likely to be observed in a client dealing with the immediate psychological effects of trauma.

Trust: Trust is not a symptom but rather a state of mind that could be affected by trauma. A client who has experienced a life-threatening event may actually experience mistrust or difficulty feeling safe rather than an increased sense of trust. Trauma survivors may find it challenging to trust others or their environment after the event.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

If sodium consumption increases, lithium levels will decrease. Lithium is a mood stabilizer commonly used to treat bipolar disorder, and its levels in the blood are closely linked to sodium (salt) balance in the body. When sodium consumption increases, the kidneys excrete more lithium along with the excess sodium, leading to a decrease in lithium levels. Conversely, if sodium intake is reduced, the kidneys may retain more lithium, causing lithium levels to rise, which can potentially lead to toxicity.

Nurse Elena should inform John and his family that maintaining a stable sodium intake is crucial while taking lithium. Large fluctuations in sodium intake, either too much or too little, can disrupt lithium levels and may lead to either subtherapeutic levels (making the medication less effective) or dangerous toxicity. Hydration and sodium balance are key factors in managing lithium therapy.

Think of lithium and sodium like balancing weights on a scale. If you add more sodium to one side of the scale, the lithium level on the other side will drop. Keeping the scale balanced with consistent sodium intake helps maintain stable lithium levels.

Nurse Elena should educate the family about maintaining consistent dietary habits, especially regarding sodium and hydration, while John is on lithium.

• Advise John to avoid sudden changes in salt consumption (such as high-sodium diets or extreme low-sodium diets) and to stay hydrated, particularly during hot weather or illness, when dehydration can occur.
• Ensure John and his family understand the signs of lithium toxicity, such as nausea, vomiting, tremors, and confusion, and the importance of contacting a healthcare provider if they suspect toxicity.
• Encourage regular monitoring of lithium levels through blood tests, especially after any changes in diet, exercise, or health status.
• Discuss the importance of maintaining regular fluid intake, as dehydration can also raise lithium levels and increase the risk of toxicity.

✘Incorrect answer options:

If adequate fiber isn't consumed while on lithium, it may lead to bowel issues. While fiber intake is important for general health, it does not have a direct impact on lithium levels. This answer may confuse the role of diet in lithium management with unrelated concerns about gastrointestinal health.

If carbohydrate intake rises, lithium levels will also rise. Carbohydrate intake does not directly affect lithium levels. Lithium levels are more closely related to sodium and fluid balance, not macronutrient intake such as carbohydrates.

If calorie intake is lowered, lithium levels will increase. Caloric intake does not have a direct relationship with lithium levels. While drastic changes in diet could affect hydration status and overall health, it is sodium and fluid balance that are most critical in managing lithium therapy.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Help the client explore and challenge self-blaming thoughts." This nursing action is the most appropriate for a client with PTSD who describes their traumatic experience as "bad luck." Individuals with PTSD often struggle with distorted thoughts and beliefs about themselves and the trauma they experienced. They may blame themselves or believe they could have done something to prevent the event. Helping the client explore and challenge these self-blaming thoughts is crucial in the healing process. This approach is consistent with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which aims to help clients identify and modify distorted thinking patterns, such as self-blame, that contribute to PTSD symptoms.

By helping the client examine these thoughts, Nurse Jamie can support the client in developing a more balanced perspective and understanding that the trauma was not their fault. This intervention promotes psychological healing and fosters a sense of empowerment and self-compassion.

Imagine the client is wearing glasses with scratched lenses that distort their view (self-blaming thoughts). The nurse's role is to help clean the lenses (challenge distorted thoughts) so the client can see things more clearly.

Nurse Jamie should create a safe, supportive environment where the client feels comfortable exploring their thoughts and emotions.

• Use therapeutic communication techniques to encourage the client to express their thoughts and feelings about the trauma.
• Assist the client in identifying and challenging irrational beliefs, such as "I could have prevented it" or "It's my fault."
• Encourage the use of positive self-talk and affirmations to counteract self-blame.
• Provide education on common PTSD symptoms and the impact of trauma on thoughts and emotions.
• Refer the client to a mental health professional, such as a psychologist or counselor, for specialized CBT if needed.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Encourage the client to watch motivational videos to improve mood." While motivational videos may have some positive effects on mood, they are unlikely to address the core issues of PTSD, such as trauma-related thoughts and beliefs. PTSD treatment requires specific interventions that target distorted thinking and emotional processing of the traumatic event.

"Suggest the client avoid talking about the traumatic event." Avoiding discussion of the traumatic event can reinforce avoidance behaviors, a hallmark of PTSD, and may prevent the client from processing their emotions and thoughts about the trauma. Effective PTSD treatment often involves gently confronting and working through trauma-related thoughts and feelings, rather than avoiding them.

"Arrange for the client to join a support group for unrelated health issues." While joining a support group can be beneficial for social support, a group unrelated to the client’s PTSD will not provide the specific therapeutic support needed for trauma recovery. It is more appropriate to connect the client with a trauma-focused support group or therapy.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"It’s important to eat well, exercise, and take my medication. If I start losing my appetite or not sleeping, I need to see my doctor." This statement indicates that Mark has a good understanding of managing his depression. He recognizes the importance of self-care, including a healthy diet, regular exercise, and medication adherence. Moreover, he is aware of the early warning signs of depression recurrence, such as changes in appetite and sleep patterns, and knows to seek help if these symptoms reappear. This proactive approach demonstrates that Mark understands the ongoing nature of managing depression, the importance of monitoring for signs of relapse, and the need to stay in contact with his healthcare provider.

In depression management, self-care strategies like proper nutrition, regular physical activity, medication adherence, and recognizing early symptoms are crucial for preventing relapse and promoting recovery. Mark's understanding reflects a comprehensive approach to his mental health that integrates lifestyle changes, medical management, and professional support.

Think of managing depression like maintaining a car. Just as a car requires regular maintenance, fuel, and check-ups to run smoothly, managing depression involves daily self-care, medication, and routine check-ins with a healthcare provider to keep oneself mentally healthy.

Nurse Grace should reinforce Mark’s understanding and provide additional resources or support as needed.

• Encourage Mark to keep a journal to track mood, sleep patterns, and other symptoms to identify early signs of relapse.
• Provide education on stress management techniques and coping strategies to handle potential triggers.
• Ensure that Mark has a follow-up appointment scheduled and understands how to access mental health resources or support groups in the community.
• Review the importance of medication adherence and discuss potential side effects or interactions.
• Encourage open communication with his support system, such as family or friends, to foster social support.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"I’ll never let this happen again. I won’t let my boss, my job, or my family affect me!" This response suggests denial or avoidance rather than understanding. It implies that Mark believes he can control external factors to prevent depression, which is not realistic. Depression often involves complex interactions between biological, psychological, and environmental factors, and managing it requires more than just willpower.

"I’ve learned I’m a good person, worthy of love, and I don’t need anyone else; I can rely on myself." While building self-esteem and recognizing self-worth are positive outcomes, this statement also suggests isolation or a lack of insight into the value of social support. Managing depression effectively often involves seeking help and maintaining connections with others rather than complete self-reliance.

"I don’t know what happened to me. I’ve always made decisions for myself and my business. I never want to feel so weak or vulnerable again!" This statement reflects a lack of understanding of the nature of depression. It suggests that Mark sees depression as a sign of personal weakness rather than a medical condition that requires ongoing management and care. This view can hinder his willingness to seek help in the future or adhere to a treatment plan.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"I no longer feel that I deserve the beatings my husband inflicts on me." This statement indicates that the wife is gaining insight from the Al-Anon meetings because it reflects a healthier perspective and growing self-awareness. She recognizes that she is not to blame for her husband's abusive behavior and does not deserve to be mistreated. This shift in thinking is crucial for the spouse of an alcoholic, as it suggests that she is beginning to understand that she is not responsible for her husband's actions and that the abuse is not her fault. Al-Anon meetings often focus on helping family members of alcoholics detach with love, understand their own needs, and stop enabling destructive behaviors.

This insight is a positive step toward empowering the wife to set boundaries, seek help, and potentially take steps to protect herself from further harm. It also shows that she is moving away from self-blame and may be more open to considering her own well-being and safety.

Imagine someone carrying a heavy backpack that isn’t theirs. Realizing they don’t have to carry it anymore and setting it down is like the wife understanding she doesn’t deserve the abuse and starting to release that burden.

Nurse Clara should continue to support the wife and encourage her participation in Al-Anon or similar support groups while also providing resources for safety and protection.

• Encourage continued participation in Al-Anon meetings to build further insight and support.
• Provide information about resources for victims of domestic violence, including shelters, counseling, and legal support.
• Assess for any immediate safety concerns and provide appropriate referrals if necessary.
• Offer empathy and support, reinforcing that the wife is not responsible for her husband's behavior.
• Encourage the wife to develop a safety plan if she is at risk of harm.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"My attendance at the meetings has helped me to see that I provoke my husband's violence." This statement suggests that the wife is blaming herself for her husband's violent behavior, which is a sign of distorted thinking, not insight. Al-Anon meetings aim to help family members understand they are not responsible for the alcoholic's behavior.

"I can tolerate my husband's destructive behavior now that I know they are common with alcoholics." While this statement reflects some understanding that destructive behavior can be common in alcoholics, it indicates resignation rather than insight. Tolerating harmful behavior is not a healthy outcome and does not reflect progress in recognizing personal rights or safety.

"I enjoy attending the meetings because they get me out of the house and away from my husband." While attending the meetings may provide a temporary respite from her husband, this statement does not reflect any deeper understanding or insight into her situation. The focus is on avoidance rather than developing coping skills or understanding her own needs and boundaries.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Focus on changing their own behaviors. Support groups for the families of individuals with substance use disorders, such as Al-Anon or Nar-Anon, aim to help family members focus on changing their own behaviors and responses rather than trying to directly control or change the behaviors of the person with the substance-related disorder. Family members often experience feelings of helplessness, guilt, and frustration, and they may develop unhealthy patterns of enabling or codependency in response to their loved one’s substance use.

By participating in support groups, family members learn how to set healthy boundaries, practice self-care, and avoid enabling behaviors. These groups emphasize that family members cannot "fix" the person struggling with addiction but can work on managing their own reactions and finding ways to cope with the situation. This approach fosters a healthier environment for both the individual with the substance use disorder and their family members.

Think of the family of a person with a substance use disorder like gardeners tending to a plant. No matter how much water or sunlight they provide, they can't force the plant to grow; the plant has to do that on its own. Instead, the gardeners can focus on improving the soil, ensuring it’s healthy, removing weeds, and giving the plant the right environment to thrive. Similarly, in support groups, family members learn that they can't control their loved one's addiction, but they can change their own behaviors and responses, creating a healthier environment for everyone involved.

Nurse Kelly should encourage the family to actively participate in the support group to gain tools for self-care and to foster a more balanced approach to coping with their loved one’s substance use.

• Encourage the family to attend regular support group meetings, where they can share their experiences and learn from others in similar situations.
• Provide education on the importance of setting boundaries and avoiding enabling behaviors, such as providing financial support for substance use or making excuses for the loved one’s actions.
• Emphasize that recovery is a personal journey for the person with the substance use disorder, and the family’s role is to support themselves and the individual in a healthy way.
• Offer information about community resources for family members, such as counseling or therapy, in addition to support groups.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Change the problematic behaviors of the person using substances. The primary goal of family support groups is not to change the behaviors of the person with the substance use disorder. Instead, these groups focus on helping family members manage their own reactions and behaviors, recognizing that they cannot directly control or change their loved one’s addiction.

Learn ways to help the person using substances seek assistance. While support groups may provide information about helping a loved one access treatment, this is not the main goal. The emphasis is on the family’s well-being, not solely on getting the person with the substance use disorder to seek help.

Prevent substance use issues in at-risk family members. Although support groups can be valuable for raising awareness about substance use, their primary goal is to help family members cope with their own challenges rather than directly prevent substance use in others. Prevention strategies are typically addressed in broader public health or educational programs.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Sudden death due to cardiac or respiratory depression. Inhalant abuse can lead to sudden death due to cardiac or respiratory depression, a condition sometimes referred to as "sudden sniffing death syndrome." Inhalants, such as glue, paint thinner, and aerosol sprays, can depress the central nervous system and interfere with the normal rhythm of the heart, leading to fatal arrhythmias. Inhalants also affect the respiratory system, potentially leading to respiratory arrest. Even first-time use of inhalants can be deadly, especially if the individual is physically exerting themselves or startled, which can trigger a fatal heart arrhythmia.

Inhalant abuse poses unique risks because of the immediate and unpredictable effects it can have on vital bodily functions. Adolescents are particularly vulnerable due to their experimentation with these easily accessible substances, not fully understanding the life-threatening consequences.

Think of inhalants like cutting off the oxygen to a fire. The fire (your heart or breathing) can suddenly stop, and once it’s out, it’s very hard to reignite. Inhalants can cause the body’s systems to shut down in a similar, abrupt way.

Nurse Jenna should focus on educating adolescents about the immediate dangers of inhalant use, including death, and encourage healthy behaviors.

• Educate students about the life-threatening risks of inhalant use, emphasizing that even first-time use can lead to sudden death.
• Discuss the signs of inhalant use, such as slurred speech, disorientation, and chemical odors, and encourage students to seek help if they or someone they know is using inhalants.
• Provide resources on substance abuse prevention and encourage students to engage in activities that promote healthy coping mechanisms.
• Foster an open environment where students feel comfortable asking questions about substance use and its effects.
• Collaborate with school counselors to offer additional support and interventions for students at risk of substance abuse.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Contracting an infectious disease, such as hepatitis or AIDS. Inhalant abuse is not typically associated with the transmission of infectious diseases like hepatitis or AIDS. These infections are more commonly linked to intravenous drug use, where needle sharing increases the risk of blood-borne pathogens.

Experiencing recurrent flashback events. Flashbacks are more commonly associated with hallucinogenic drug use, such as LSD, and are not a typical consequence of inhalant abuse. Inhalants cause immediate, short-term effects on the brain, but they do not typically cause flashbacks.

Developing psychological dependence after the first use. While psychological dependence on inhalants can develop, it is less likely to occur after just one use. The more immediate danger of inhalant abuse is the risk of sudden death from cardiac or respiratory failure.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Codependent: The behavior described by the patient is best understood as codependent behavior. Codependency occurs when a person enables or supports another individual’s unhealthy behaviors, often in an attempt to protect or "help" them, but in reality, it perpetuates the problem. In this case, the patient's action of calling in sick for her sister when she is too intoxicated to go to work shields the sister from the natural consequences of her substance abuse. While it may seem like a caring gesture, it prevents the sister from facing the reality of her addiction and may enable continued substance use.

Codependency is common in families affected by substance-related disorders, where loved ones take on caretaking roles that go beyond support, often compromising their own well-being and reinforcing the other person’s addiction. Addressing codependency is crucial in the recovery process, as it allows both individuals to develop healthier boundaries and encourages the person with the substance use disorder to take responsibility for their actions.

Codependency is like continuously putting a band-aid on a wound that needs stitches. While it may seem like you're helping by covering up the issue, the real problem persists underneath, and without proper intervention, it could get worse. In the same way, by shielding a loved one from the consequences of their substance abuse, you may be preventing them from realizing the severity of their actions, delaying the necessary steps for healing and recovery.

The nurse should help the patient recognize and address codependent behaviors while providing education and support for both the patient and her sister.

• Encourage the patient to seek support from groups like Al-Anon that are designed to help family members of individuals with substance use disorders.
• Provide education on codependency and the importance of setting healthy boundaries to avoid enabling harmful behaviors.
• Help the patient explore ways to support her sister’s recovery in a healthy way, such as encouraging treatment and counseling rather than covering up or enabling the substance abuse.
• Refer the patient to therapy or counseling to address codependency and to promote emotional well-being and self-care.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Caretaking: Caretaking generally involves providing physical or emotional care for someone who is unable to care for themselves due to illness, disability, or age. In this case, the patient’s behavior goes beyond caretaking and into codependency, as it enables the sister's substance-related disorder.

Helpful: While the patient may believe they are being helpful, the behavior described is not truly helpful. It enables the sister’s addiction and prevents her from experiencing the natural consequences of her actions, which could encourage her to seek help.

Supportive: Supportive behavior involves encouraging recovery and healthy choices. Calling in sick for someone who is intoxicated is not supportive of long-term recovery; instead, it allows the substance use disorder to continue unchecked.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Recognizing situations that trigger anxiety. The most appropriate maintenance goal for Robert, a client with chronic anxiety, is to focus on recognizing situations that trigger anxiety. This goal is realistic and promotes self-awareness, allowing Robert to identify and understand the specific situations, environments, or thoughts that lead to increased anxiety. Understanding his triggers can empower Robert to take proactive steps to manage his anxiety, such as using coping strategies, relaxation techniques, or removing himself from the triggering situation if necessary. Recognizing triggers is a critical component of long-term management and allows for early intervention before anxiety becomes overwhelming.

Effective anxiety management involves developing awareness of personal triggers and understanding how anxiety manifests in the body and mind. This knowledge is essential for implementing coping strategies and preventing anxiety from escalating. By recognizing triggers, Robert can better prepare and use appropriate techniques to maintain his anxiety at manageable levels.

Think of recognizing anxiety triggers like a person identifying the warning signs of an approaching storm. Knowing the signs allows the person to take precautions, such as seeking shelter or putting on protective gear, to stay safe and minimize the storm's impact.

Nurse Jane should provide education and tools to help Robert identify his triggers and develop personalized strategies to manage his anxiety.

• Encourage Robert to keep a journal to track his anxiety levels, thoughts, and situations to identify patterns and triggers.
• Teach relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, mindfulness, or progressive muscle relaxation to help manage anxiety when triggers are identified.
• Discuss the importance of maintaining a balanced lifestyle, including regular exercise, healthy eating, and sufficient sleep, to help manage anxiety.
• Encourage Robert to develop a support system of family, friends, or support groups to provide emotional support and understanding.
• Provide information about community resources or counseling services for ongoing support if needed.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Ongoing contact with a crisis counselor. While ongoing contact with a crisis counselor might be necessary in acute situations, it is not typically a primary maintenance goal for someone managing chronic anxiety. This approach is more suitable for immediate crisis intervention rather than day-to-day management of anxiety.

Disregarding feelings of anxiety. Ignoring or disregarding feelings of anxiety is counterproductive and can lead to worsening symptoms over time. It does not allow the individual to address the root causes of anxiety or develop effective coping strategies. Acknowledging and understanding anxiety is more beneficial than trying to ignore it.

Completely eliminating anxiety from daily life. This goal is unrealistic, as anxiety is a natural and sometimes necessary response to stress. It is impossible to eliminate anxiety entirely; instead, the focus should be on managing anxiety effectively and reducing its impact on daily functioning. Teaching Robert that anxiety can be managed, rather than eradicated, sets a more achievable and healthy goal.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answers:

Clearly communicate the expected behaviors to the patient. In dealing with manipulative behaviors, it is essential to clearly communicate the expected behaviors to the patient to create structure and consistency. This helps the patient understand the boundaries and rules within the psychiatric unit, which is crucial for safety and the therapeutic environment. Clear communication also reduces misunderstandings and allows the patient to know what behaviors are acceptable.

Clearly outline the consequences if the patient exceeds the set behavioral limits. Setting clear consequences if the patient exceeds behavioral limits helps maintain safety and structure within the unit. This approach ensures that the patient understands the results of their actions and promotes accountability. Consequences should be realistic and consistently enforced to prevent further manipulative behaviors, as individuals with mania often test limits.

Help the patient explore alternative, healthy behaviors to meet their needs. Encouraging the patient to explore alternative, healthy behaviors empowers them to replace manipulative behaviors with more constructive actions. This intervention helps the patient develop coping mechanisms that contribute to their emotional stability and long-term mental health improvement. It also helps them achieve their needs in a healthier, more socially acceptable manner.

✘Incorrect answers:

Explain and enforce unit rules, specifying if group therapy sessions may be restricted. While it is essential to explain and enforce rules, specifying group therapy restrictions for manipulative behaviors can reinforce a sense of punishment rather than therapeutic intervention. Group therapy is often an important part of the patient’s treatment, and removing it might not be the best approach unless absolutely necessary for safety reasons.

Make it clear to the patient that they are not in control of the nursing unit. This approach may come off as confrontational or power-driven. Instead, interventions should focus on structure, safety, and support rather than emphasizing control. It's more therapeutic to maintain calm and firm boundaries without creating a dynamic of "control" that could escalate manipulative behaviors.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"I’m looking forward to leaving here. I know that I will miss all of you. So, I’m happy and I’m sad, I’m excited and I’m scared. I know that I have to work hard to be strong and that everyone isn’t going to be as helpful as you people." This statement reflects the most realistic and balanced processing for self-management. The client demonstrates an understanding of the mixed emotions they may experience upon discharge—both positive (happy, excited) and negative (sad, scared). They acknowledge that leaving the structured environment of therapy will present challenges and that the support they have received in therapy may not be replicated exactly by family and friends. This shows a realistic awareness of the difficulties they may face and an understanding that maintaining sobriety will require ongoing effort and resilience.

By recognizing the range of emotions and the potential difficulties in transitioning back to their home environment, the client shows insight into their own feelings, which is crucial for effective coping. This balanced view indicates that they are not in denial about the challenges ahead and are prepared to take personal responsibility for their sobriety, recognizing that it will require hard work and effort.

Think of the client as someone who is about to embark on a long hike. They acknowledge that there will be both uphill and downhill paths, moments of excitement and fatigue, but they are prepared to put in the effort to reach the destination.

Nurse Karen should continue to reinforce the client’s realistic expectations and provide support and encouragement for their continued commitment to self-management.

• Encourage the client to identify specific strategies and resources they will use to maintain sobriety, such as attending AA meetings and seeking support when needed.
• Validate the client’s feelings of both excitement and fear, and reinforce that these mixed emotions are normal when facing a significant life change.
• Provide the client with information about community resources, support groups, and contact numbers for continued care and support.
• Encourage the client to develop a relapse prevention plan, including recognizing triggers and early warning signs, and steps to take if they feel at risk.
• Reinforce the importance of seeking help early if the client feels overwhelmed or tempted to relapse.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"I know I’m ready to be discharged. I feel I can say ‘no’ and leave a group of friends if they are drinking… ‘No Problem.’" This statement reflects overconfidence and may indicate a lack of awareness of the challenges involved in staying sober. It minimizes the potential difficulties of avoiding substance use, particularly in social situations where there may be peer pressure. Overconfidence can be a risk factor for relapse.

"This group has really helped a lot. I know it will be different when I go home. But I’m sure that my family and friends will all help me like the people in this group have… They’ll all help me… I know they will… They won’t let me go back to my old ways." This response shows unrealistic expectations regarding the level of support the client might receive from family and friends. It places too much responsibility on others to maintain their sobriety and lacks recognition of personal accountability. There is also a risk of disappointment if the family and friends are not as supportive as expected.

"I’ll keep all my appointments; go to all my AA groups; I’ll do everything I’m supposed to… Nothing will go wrong that way." This statement suggests a rigid and perfectionistic approach to recovery. While it is positive to plan to attend AA meetings and keep appointments, the expectation that "nothing will go wrong" is unrealistic. Recovery from substance abuse is a complex and ongoing process, and setbacks may occur. Having an inflexible mindset may cause distress if things do not go perfectly as planned.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Central nervous system symptoms, such as ataxia and peripheral neuropathy. Chronic alcohol abuse is often associated with thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, which primarily affects the central nervous system (CNS). Thiamine deficiency can lead to neurological problems such as ataxia (lack of muscle coordination), peripheral neuropathy (damage to the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, causing weakness, numbness, or pain), and memory disturbances. A more severe complication of thiamine deficiency is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, a serious neurological disorder characterized by confusion, memory problems, ataxia, and oculomotor dysfunction.

Alcohol interferes with thiamine absorption and utilization in the body, and heavy drinkers are often malnourished, further contributing to deficiencies. Early recognition and supplementation of thiamine are crucial in preventing permanent neurological damage in individuals with chronic alcohol abuse.

Think of thiamine as the "fuel" needed for the nervous system to function properly. Without enough fuel (thiamine), the nerves start to misfire, leading to coordination problems and nerve pain, much like a car sputtering when it runs out of gas.

Nurse Alex should monitor the patient for signs of thiamine deficiency and coordinate with the healthcare team to ensure appropriate treatment.

• Administer thiamine supplementation as prescribed to prevent or treat deficiencies, particularly in clients with chronic alcohol use.
• Assess the patient for neurological symptoms such as ataxia, confusion, and peripheral neuropathy, and document any changes.
• Educate the patient and their family about the importance of nutrition, especially thiamine, in preventing complications related to alcohol use.
• Encourage the patient to seek long-term treatment for alcohol abuse, such as counseling, support groups, or rehabilitation programs.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Cardiovascular symptoms, such as reduced hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Thiamine deficiency primarily affects the nervous system, not the cardiovascular system. While alcohol abuse can lead to anemia (which affects hemoglobin and hematocrit levels) due to poor nutrition, this is not directly related to thiamine deficiency.

Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting. Gastrointestinal symptoms may occur in chronic alcohol abuse, but they are not primarily associated with thiamine deficiency. Thiamine deficiency is more commonly linked to neurological symptoms rather than digestive issues.

Respiratory symptoms, such as cough and sore throat. Respiratory symptoms are not associated with thiamine deficiency. Thiamine deficiency primarily causes neurological problems, not respiratory issues.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Increased anxiety, hand tremors, and a rapid heart rate. Barbiturate and benzodiazepine withdrawal can lead to increased anxiety, hand tremors, and tachycardia (rapid heart rate). Both drug classes are central nervous system (CNS) depressants that enhance the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that inhibits brain activity. Prolonged use of these substances causes the brain to adapt by reducing its natural GABA production. When the drugs are suddenly discontinued, the body experiences a surge in brain activity due to the loss of GABA-mediated inhibition, leading to withdrawal symptoms such as tremors, anxiety, restlessness, insomnia, and increased heart rate.

Severe withdrawal can also result in life-threatening symptoms like seizures, agitation, and hallucinations, particularly in the case of barbiturates. Withdrawal from these substances requires careful medical management due to the potential severity of the symptoms.

Think of the brain like a tightly stretched rubber band during barbiturate or benzodiazepine use. When the drugs are removed, the rubber band snaps back, causing sudden and intense activity (anxiety, tremors, and rapid heart rate) as the brain adjusts to the absence of the depressant effects.

The nurse should closely monitor the client for signs of withdrawal and coordinate care to manage the symptoms safely.

• Monitor vital signs frequently, particularly heart rate and blood pressure, to detect signs of autonomic hyperactivity.
• Assess for neurological symptoms such as tremors, restlessness, or seizures, and be prepared to administer prescribed medications to manage severe withdrawal symptoms.
• Collaborate with the healthcare team to determine if gradual tapering of the substance is necessary to prevent severe withdrawal reactions.
• Ensure that the client is in a safe, quiet environment to minimize agitation and anxiety during withdrawal.
• Provide education to the client and family about the risks of abrupt discontinuation of CNS depressants and the importance of medical supervision during withdrawal.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Slowed breathing, reduced consciousness, and a slow heart rate. These are symptoms of CNS depression, which occur with intoxication or overdose from barbiturates or benzodiazepines, not withdrawal. Withdrawal from these substances typically results in increased CNS activity, not decreased.

Muscle pain, abdominal cramps, and excessive tearing. These symptoms are more characteristic of opioid withdrawal, not withdrawal from barbiturates or benzodiazepines. Opioid withdrawal often presents with flu-like symptoms such as muscle pain, tearing, and gastrointestinal discomfort.

Feelings of paranoia, sadness, and restlessness. While restlessness can be part of the withdrawal process from barbiturates or benzodiazepines, paranoia and sadness are more typical of stimulant or hallucinogen withdrawal, not CNS depressant withdrawal.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Teenagers in their late teens and adults in their early twenties. Primary prevention focuses on preventing the onset of alcohol abuse before it begins by targeting at-risk populations. Teenagers in their late teens and adults in their early twenties are at a high risk for experimenting with alcohol and engaging in binge drinking behaviors. This age group often faces peer pressure, social influences, and a lack of understanding of the long-term consequences of alcohol abuse, making them an ideal target for primary prevention programs.

Educational efforts aimed at this group can help raise awareness about the dangers of alcohol abuse, promote responsible drinking behaviors, and prevent the development of alcohol dependence later in life. Early intervention in these formative years can reduce risky behaviors and encourage healthier lifestyle choices.

Think of primary prevention like putting up signs at the beginning of a road to warn drivers about dangerous curves ahead. If you reach them early enough (teenagers and young adults), you can prevent accidents (alcohol abuse) before they happen.

The community nurse should focus on creating educational programs that resonate with this age group, emphasizing prevention and healthy decision-making.

• Develop and deliver school-based and community-based programs that educate teenagers and young adults on the risks of alcohol use, including binge drinking and its long-term effects.
• Collaborate with local organizations, schools, and youth groups to promote alcohol-free activities and healthy coping mechanisms for stress and peer pressure.
• Provide education on responsible drinking practices for those of legal drinking age and the importance of understanding one's limits.
• Engage with parents and caregivers to provide resources and strategies for discussing alcohol use with their teenagers.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Older men residing in retirement communities. While alcohol abuse can be a problem among older adults, particularly men, primary prevention efforts are typically focused on younger populations before risky behaviors begin. Older men would be more appropriate for secondary or tertiary prevention, focusing on reducing existing alcohol use or managing related health issues.

Women pursuing careers outside the home. There is no strong evidence to suggest that women pursuing careers outside the home are at increased risk of alcohol abuse. While this group may experience stressors, they are not considered a primary target for alcohol abuse prevention efforts.

Women managing household responsibilities. Similar to women pursuing careers, women managing household responsibilities are not considered a high-risk group for the primary prevention of alcohol abuse. Prevention efforts are typically aimed at younger individuals or those with known risk factors.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Solitary walk in the hospital garden. A solitary walk in the hospital garden is the most appropriate activity for Karen, who is experiencing a manic episode. This activity provides a calming environment that can help reduce excess energy while avoiding overstimulation from interactions with others or engagement in competitive or highly stimulating activities. Walking outdoors in a quiet, controlled setting allows Karen to expend some of her physical energy in a safe and therapeutic way. It also offers an opportunity for relaxation and reflection, which can help soothe her manic symptoms.

During a manic episode, patients are often hyperactive, easily overstimulated, and have difficulty focusing. Solitary, low-stimulation activities like walking can help to modulate their energy levels without the risk of escalating their agitation or excitement.

Think of Karen as a pot of boiling water; a solitary walk is like lowering the heat so that the water (Karen’s energy level) can simmer instead of boiling over.

Nurse Elena should monitor Karen to ensure safety during the walk and provide a structured but flexible environment.

• Encourage Karen to engage in the walk at a gentle pace to promote relaxation.
• Use the opportunity to establish therapeutic communication and assess Karen's mental state.
• Monitor Karen for any signs of distress, agitation, or escalation of symptoms and be prepared to intervene if necessary.
• Offer gentle guidance to return to the unit after the walk, avoiding overstimulation.
• Encourage deep breathing or mindfulness techniques during the walk to promote calmness.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Group therapy session discussing emotions. This activity may not be appropriate for a client in a manic state as it involves high levels of verbal interaction and emotional expression, which could increase Karen's agitation or distractibility. During mania, clients often have difficulty focusing and may dominate group discussions, potentially disrupting the therapeutic environment for others.

Competitive board game with other clients. Competitive activities are not ideal for a client experiencing a manic episode because they can increase agitation, competitiveness, and impulsive behaviors. Competition can exacerbate manic symptoms, such as irritability or aggression, and is therefore not recommended.

Watching a stimulating action movie. A stimulating action movie can increase arousal and excitement, which could worsen Karen's manic symptoms. It may lead to further agitation or distractibility, making it an inappropriate choice for managing manic symptoms.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Hypertension, changes in level of consciousness (LOC), hallucinations. Delirium tremens (DTs) is a severe form of alcohol withdrawal that usually occurs 48-72 hours after the last drink. It is a medical emergency characterized by a rapid onset of confusion, disorientation, hallucinations (both visual and auditory), agitation, and changes in the level of consciousness (LOC). Other common symptoms include autonomic hyperactivity, such as hypertension, tachycardia, fever, and diaphoresis (sweating). These symptoms reflect the body's extreme reaction to the sudden cessation of alcohol in someone who has been consuming large amounts for a prolonged period.

Nurse Maria should be alert for these signs, as they indicate a high risk of complications, including seizures, severe autonomic instability, and cardiac arrhythmias. Early recognition and intervention are crucial in managing DTs to prevent serious outcomes, including death.

Think of delirium tremens like a severe storm that suddenly strikes after a long period of calm. The intense symptoms (like thunder and lightning) signal that immediate action (taking shelter) is necessary to avoid harm.

Nurse Maria should closely monitor John's vital signs, mental status, and hydration status, and be prepared to initiate treatment protocols, which may include medications like benzodiazepines and supportive care measures.

• Monitor John's vital signs frequently, particularly blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature, to detect signs of autonomic instability.
• Assess and document John's level of consciousness regularly and watch for any changes that could indicate worsening delirium.
• Keep the environment calm and quiet to minimize agitation and hallucinations.
• Ensure John is adequately hydrated and administer intravenous fluids if necessary.
• Prepare for possible administration of medications, such as benzodiazepines, which are first-line treatments to prevent seizures and control agitation in DTs.
• Ensure safety measures are in place, such as fall precautions and seizure precautions, as patients with DTs are at high risk for injuries.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Hypotension, ataxia, increased hunger. These symptoms are not characteristic of delirium tremens. Hypotension is not typical; instead, hypertension and tachycardia are more common due to autonomic hyperactivity. Ataxia (lack of muscle coordination) and increased hunger are not specific signs of alcohol withdrawal or DTs.

Stupor, agitation, muscular rigidity. While agitation is common in DTs, stupor and muscular rigidity are not typical symptoms. Stupor indicates a more profound level of altered consciousness, whereas delirium tremens usually involves fluctuating LOC with periods of confusion and agitation. Muscular rigidity is more commonly associated with other conditions, such as Parkinson's disease or neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

Hypotension, coarse hand tremors, agitation. While coarse hand tremors and agitation are common in alcohol withdrawal, hypotension is not. Delirium tremens more commonly presents with hypertension due to autonomic nervous system overactivity, and hypotension would not be a typical sign of DTs.