Definition
- Is the chemical element with the symbol K (for latin word “Kalium”)
- Is important in neuron (brain and nerve) function, and in influencing osmotic balance between cells and the interstitial fluid
- Is also important in preventing muscle contraction and the sending of all nerve impulses in animals through action potentials
- Normal serum potassium levels are between 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L
Normal Values
The normal range is 3.7 to 5.2 mEq/L.
Note: mEq/L = milliequivalent per liter
Normal results may vary from lab to lab.
Hypokalemia
- refers to the condition in which the concentration of potassium (K+) in the blood is low
Causes of Hypokalemia
- Inadequate potassium intake
- Diarrhea, excessive perspiration, or losses associated with surgical procedures
- Diuretics
Signs and Symptoms of Hypokalemia
- Muscular weakness
- Myalgia
- Muscle cramps (owing to disturbed function of the skeletal muscles)
- Constipation
- Flaccid paralysis
- Hyporeflexia
- Flattened or inverted T waves, a U wave, ST depression and a wide QT interval
Nursing Interventions for Hypokalemia
- Eating potassium-containing foods may be recommended, such as leafy green vegetables, tomatoes, citrus fruits, oranges or bananas
- Intravenous Supplementation (such as Rapid Potassium Replacement)
- Potassium Supplement
Hyperkalemia
- refers to the condition in which the concentration of the electrolyte potassium (K+) in the blood is elevated
- extreme hyperkalemia is a medical emergency due to the risk of potentially fatal abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia)
Causes of Hyperkalemia
- Renal insufficiency
- ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers
- Potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g. amiloride and spironolactone)
- NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, naproxen, or celecoxib
- Excessive intake of potassium supplement
Signs and Symptoms of Hyperkalemia
- Malaise
- Palpitations
- Muscle weakness
- Cardiac arrhythmia or sudden death
Nursing Interventions for Hyperkalemia
- Monitor Intake and Output
- Discuss the importance of avoiding foods high in potassium to prevent or control hyperkalemia
- Teach causes of hyperkalemia and the relationship between hemodialysis and hyperkalemia.
