Dialysis Nursing Care Plan & Management

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Reposition the client to improve drainage.  When the outflow from peritoneal dialysis is less than the inflow, the issue is often caused by mechanical obstruction or poor positioning of the client. Repositioning the client, such as turning them from side to side, sitting them upright, or ensuring their catheter is not kinked or compressed, can help promote better drainage. This simple action allows gravity and anatomical positioning to improve the flow of dialysate from the peritoneal cavity. It is often the first and most effective step to resolve outflow issues.

During peritoneal dialysis, dialysate is infused into the peritoneal cavity to facilitate waste removal. Incomplete drainage can occur due to catheter malposition, fibrin clots, or the client’s body position blocking the catheter openings. Addressing these factors with repositioning is often sufficient to restore proper flow.

Imagine pouring water out of a container with a small opening. If the container is tilted the wrong way, the water won't flow out easily. Adjusting the angle of the container allows the water to flow more smoothly. Similarly, repositioning the client can help the dialysate drain more effectively.

If repositioning the client resolves the issue, no further action is necessary. If not, additional steps should be taken to identify and address the cause of the reduced outflow.

• Reposition the client (e.g., turn side-to-side or sit them upright) to encourage better drainage via gravity.
• Inspect the catheter for kinks, compression, or external obstructions that could impair flow.
• Check the dialysate tubing for clots or fibrin, and gently flush the catheter if permitted by the healthcare provider.
• Monitor the client for symptoms of complications, such as abdominal pain, fever, or cloudy effluent, which may indicate infection or peritonitis.
• If the issue persists despite repositioning, notify the healthcare provider for further evaluation and intervention.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Increase the dialysate inflow rate. Increasing the inflow rate is inappropriate when the issue is with outflow. Faster inflow would not resolve poor drainage and could exacerbate abdominal discomfort or increase intra-abdominal pressure.

Notify the healthcare provider immediately. While notifying the healthcare provider is necessary if initial interventions (like repositioning) fail, it is not the immediate first step. Many outflow issues can be resolved with simple actions like repositioning, which should be attempted before escalating the situation.

Administer diuretics as prescribed. Diuretics are not indicated for addressing outflow problems in peritoneal dialysis. Diuretics target kidney function to promote urine output and do not affect the mechanical flow of dialysate in the peritoneal cavity.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Ensure strict aseptic technique during the procedure. The major complication associated with peritoneal dialysis is peritonitis, an infection of the peritoneal cavity. To prevent this, strict aseptic technique must be used during all aspects of the procedure, including connecting and disconnecting the dialysate, performing exchanges, and caring for the catheter. Contamination of the peritoneal catheter or dialysate is the primary cause of peritonitis, which can lead to severe complications, including sepsis and treatment failure. Adhering to aseptic technique minimizes the risk of introducing pathogens into the peritoneal cavity.

Signs of Peritonitis: Symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, cloudy dialysate outflow, nausea, and general malaise. These findings should prompt immediate action, including culturing the dialysate effluent and starting appropriate antibiotic therapy.

The peritoneum, a sterile membrane, becomes inflamed when bacteria are introduced, leading to pain, inflammation, and impaired peritoneal dialysis efficiency. Preventing infection at the outset is critical to the success of peritoneal dialysis and the client’s safety.

Think of the peritoneal cavity as a clean glass of water. If you introduce even a small amount of dirt (bacteria), the water becomes contaminated. Using aseptic technique is like keeping the lid on the glass, ensuring nothing contaminates it during the process.

To prevent peritonitis and other complications of peritoneal dialysis, the nurse should prioritize infection prevention measures and educate the client about proper technique:

• Use strict aseptic technique during catheter handling and exchanges to prevent contamination.
• Inspect the catheter site daily for signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, warmth, or drainage.
• Educate the client and caregivers on proper hand hygiene and sterile techniques for performing exchanges at home.
• Monitor the color and clarity of dialysate outflow. Cloudy or foul-smelling effluent should be reported immediately, as it may indicate peritonitis.
• Teach the client to recognize early signs of infection, such as fever or abdominal pain, and to seek prompt medical attention if these occur.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Assess the client’s level of consciousness frequently. While it is important to monitor the client’s neurological status, this is not the priority intervention to prevent the major complication (peritonitis) associated with peritoneal dialysis. Level of consciousness monitoring is more relevant for complications such as severe electrolyte imbalances or disequilibrium syndrome, which are more common in hemodialysis.

Include heparin in the dialysate solution as ordered. Heparin may occasionally be added to the dialysate to prevent fibrin formation in the catheter, especially if outflow is sluggish. However, this is not a standard or prioritized measure to prevent peritonitis, which is the major complication.

Replace the catheter site dressing every day. While catheter site care is important, daily dressing changes are not always required unless indicated by hospital policy or the client’s condition (e.g., soiling, moisture, or signs of infection). The priority remains using strict aseptic technique during exchanges and catheter handling.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Buildup of waste products in the body. Persistent nausea in clients with renal failure is primarily caused by the buildup of waste products in the body, a condition known as uremia. In renal failure, the kidneys are unable to effectively filter and excrete metabolic waste products, such as urea and creatinine. As these toxins accumulate in the bloodstream, they can irritate the gastrointestinal (GI) system, causing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and an unpleasant metallic taste in the mouth. Managing uremia through interventions like dialysis or dietary modifications can help alleviate these symptoms.

The kidneys play a critical role in excreting nitrogenous waste and maintaining homeostasis. When kidney function declines, these waste products build up in the bloodstream. The elevated levels of urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism) can directly affect the GI system, leading to nausea and discomfort. Additionally, uremia may stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the brain, contributing to the sensation of nausea.

Imagine your body as a factory that produces waste during its operations. If the waste disposal system (the kidneys) is broken, the waste piles up and creates a toxic environment. This "toxicity" is what leads to nausea and other symptoms.

When caring for clients with renal failure experiencing nausea, nurses should focus on addressing the underlying cause (uremia) while providing symptom relief:

• Explain the importance of adhering to dialysis schedules to remove accumulated waste products effectively.
• Encourage adherence to a renal diet, which limits protein intake to reduce urea production and includes other restrictions based on electrolyte imbalances.
• Administer prescribed antiemetics (e.g., ondansetron) to manage nausea symptoms.
• Monitor for signs of worsening uremia, such as fatigue, confusion, or pruritus, and report to the healthcare provider as necessary.
• Assess the client’s fluid and electrolyte status regularly to guide care and treatment planning.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Reduced urine output (oliguria). While reduced urine output is a symptom of renal failure, it does not directly cause nausea. Oliguria contributes to the accumulation of waste products, which are the direct cause of nausea in renal failure.

Development of gastric ulcers. Gastric ulcers are not a common or direct cause of nausea in renal failure. While uremia can cause irritation of the GI lining, leading to symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, the presence of ulcers is not the primary factor in this condition.

Imbalances in electrolytes. Electrolyte imbalances are a significant concern in renal failure and can lead to complications such as muscle cramps, arrhythmias, or confusion. However, they are not the primary cause of persistent nausea. Nausea is more directly linked to the accumulation of metabolic waste products in the bloodstream.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Low in protein, sodium, and potassium.  For clients with chronic renal failure, a diet low in protein, sodium, and potassium is essential to help manage the condition and prevent complications. The kidneys' reduced ability to excrete waste products means that excessive protein can lead to a buildup of nitrogenous waste (urea), while high sodium and potassium levels can exacerbate hypertension, fluid retention, and hyperkalemia. A carefully managed diet can reduce the workload on the kidneys, maintain electrolyte balance, and prevent uremic symptoms.

Chronic renal failure results in the inability to excrete protein byproducts, regulate sodium and potassium levels, and maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Excessive protein leads to increased urea production, high sodium can worsen hypertension and fluid overload, and elevated potassium (hyperkalemia) can lead to life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. A low-protein diet with adequate caloric intake prevents malnutrition while reducing the accumulation of waste products, and limiting sodium and potassium intake prevents complications.

Imagine a car with a failing engine. To reduce wear and tear, you’d drive it less frequently and avoid overloading it. Similarly, in chronic renal failure, limiting protein, sodium, and potassium reduces the "load" on the kidneys, helping them function more effectively with less strain.

Helping clients with chronic renal failure follow an appropriate diet requires education and support to balance nutritional needs and manage their condition.

• Collaborate with a dietitian to develop a personalized diet plan tailored to the client’s renal function, lab values, and caloric needs.
• Educate the client on low-protein food options, emphasizing high-quality proteins (e.g., eggs, fish, poultry) in limited amounts to meet nutritional needs while minimizing waste products.
• Provide guidance on low-sodium food choices, such as avoiding processed foods, canned goods, and salty snacks.
• Teach the client to avoid high-potassium foods such as bananas, oranges, potatoes, tomatoes, and spinach, and suggest low-potassium alternatives like apples, berries, and zucchini.
• Monitor the client’s serum potassium, sodium, and urea levels regularly to adjust dietary recommendations as needed.

✘Incorrect answer options:

High in carbohydrates and high in protein. A high-protein diet is inappropriate for clients with chronic renal failure because it increases the production of urea and other nitrogenous waste products, which the kidneys cannot efficiently excrete. Carbohydrates may be included to provide energy, but protein intake must be carefully limited.

High in calcium, potassium, and protein. While calcium levels may need to be monitored and supplemented if necessary to prevent bone disorders, a high-potassium and high-protein diet would worsen hyperkalemia and increase urea production, both of which are harmful in chronic renal failure.

Low in protein and high in potassium. While limiting protein is appropriate, a high-potassium diet is dangerous for clients with chronic renal failure, as the kidneys cannot adequately excrete potassium. This can lead to hyperkalemia, which increases the risk of cardiac arrhythmias or cardiac arrest.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

It raises osmotic pressure to facilitate ultrafiltration. Glucose is added to the peritoneal dialysis solution to increase its osmotic pressure, which facilitates ultrafiltration—the removal of excess fluid from the client’s body. The concentration of glucose in the solution creates an osmotic gradient between the peritoneal cavity and the blood. This gradient pulls excess water and solutes, such as urea and creatinine, from the bloodstream into the dialysate. The fluid, along with waste products, is then drained out of the body. The higher the glucose concentration in the solution, the greater the osmotic pressure, allowing for more fluid removal in clients with significant fluid overload.

In peritoneal dialysis, the peritoneal membrane acts as a semipermeable membrane. Glucose in the dialysate creates an osmotic gradient that pulls water (through osmosis) and solutes (through diffusion) into the peritoneal cavity. This process is essential for managing fluid overload, a common complication in clients with chronic kidney disease.

Think of glucose in the dialysis solution like a sponge placed in a damp area. The sponge (glucose) absorbs water (fluid) from the surrounding environment (the bloodstream) because it creates a pulling force. Similarly, glucose in the peritoneal dialysis solution creates an osmotic gradient that draws excess fluid from the blood into the peritoneal cavity, where it can be drained out, helping to relieve fluid overload in the client.

When educating clients about peritoneal dialysis, nurses should explain the role of glucose and how it affects the dialysis process:

• Teach the client that glucose is the key component in the dialysate that helps remove excess fluid through osmotic pressure.
• Explain that higher glucose concentrations in the dialysate may be prescribed for clients with significant fluid retention but can increase the risk of complications such as hyperglycemia.
• Encourage clients to monitor their blood sugar levels, especially if they have diabetes, as the glucose in the solution can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
• Instruct clients to report symptoms of fluid overload, such as shortness of breath, swelling, or weight gain, so the healthcare team can adjust the dialysis regimen as needed.
• Emphasize the importance of adhering to prescribed dwell times and following aseptic techniques to prevent complications like peritonitis.

✘Incorrect answer options:

It stops excessive glucose from being removed from your body. This is incorrect because glucose in the peritoneal dialysis solution is not added to prevent glucose loss. Instead, its purpose is to create an osmotic gradient for fluid removal. Glucose itself can be absorbed into the bloodstream during the process.

It reduces the likelihood of developing peritonitis. This is incorrect because glucose in the solution does not play a role in preventing peritonitis. Preventing peritonitis relies on strict aseptic technique during catheter care and exchanges, not on the components of the dialysate.

It helps to prevent disequilibrium syndrome. This is incorrect because disequilibrium syndrome is typically associated with hemodialysis, not peritoneal dialysis. It occurs due to rapid solute removal, and glucose in the solution does not affect disequilibrium syndrome.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Adhere strictly to the prescribed hemodialysis schedule. In chronic renal failure, hemodialysis is a lifesaving therapy that performs the essential functions of the kidneys, including removing waste products, balancing electrolytes, and regulating fluid levels. Adherence to the prescribed dialysis schedule is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and preventing complications such as fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances, and toxin accumulation. Missing or delaying dialysis sessions can lead to severe health problems, including hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and uremia, which can be life-threatening. Educating the patient on the importance of adhering to their dialysis schedule is a key nursing responsibility to ensure the treatment's success and the patient’s well-being.

Think of dialysis like a trash collection service for the body. If the trash isn’t picked up on schedule, it will pile up (waste and toxins) and cause problems. Sticking to the schedule ensures that the body stays clean and functional.

Educating patients with chronic renal failure about their dialysis treatment involves addressing the importance of adherence to the prescribed schedule as well as managing lifestyle changes and complications:

• Educate the patient on the consequences of skipping or delaying dialysis sessions, such as toxin buildup and life-threatening complications.
• Reinforce the importance of keeping all appointments and arriving on time to avoid disruptions in care.
• Provide strategies to manage symptoms associated with dialysis, such as fatigue or cramping, to improve compliance.
• Discuss transportation options or support systems to ensure the patient can consistently attend sessions.
• Work with the patient to develop a realistic plan to incorporate dialysis into their daily schedule without feeling overwhelmed.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Consume a diet high in potassium. This is incorrect because chronic renal failure patients are advised to limit their potassium intake. The kidneys lose their ability to excrete potassium efficiently, leading to the risk of hyperkalemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. Patients should follow a renal diet, which typically restricts potassium, sodium, and phosphorus.

Expect minimal changes to your daily lifestyle. This is incorrect because starting hemodialysis represents a significant lifestyle adjustment. Patients often need to dedicate multiple days per week to dialysis sessions, make dietary and fluid restrictions, and monitor their overall health more closely. Nurses should emphasize the reality of these changes while providing emotional support and strategies to adapt.

Regularly use alcohol on the skin to manage integumentary changes. This is incorrect and potentially harmful. Using alcohol frequently on the skin can lead to dryness, irritation, and cracking, increasing the risk of infection, especially around the vascular access site. Instead, patients should be taught proper hygiene and access site care to prevent infection and complications.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Milk of Magnesia can lead to magnesium toxicity.  Clients with chronic renal failure have impaired kidney function, which reduces the kidneys' ability to excrete magnesium. Magnesium-containing laxatives like magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia) can cause magnesium accumulation in the bloodstream, leading to magnesium toxicity (hypermagnesemia). Symptoms of hypermagnesemia include muscle weakness, lethargy, hypotension, bradycardia, and even cardiac arrest in severe cases. By recommending psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid (Metamucil), Nurse Julie is advising a safer option for managing constipation in clients with chronic renal failure, as it does not pose a risk of magnesium toxicity.

The kidneys play a primary role in excreting excess magnesium. When renal function is compromised, as in chronic renal failure, even normal dietary magnesium or small amounts from medications can accumulate in the body. Magnesium toxicity can lead to neuromuscular and cardiovascular complications, making magnesium-based laxatives unsuitable for this population.

Imagine a sink with a clogged drain (like impaired kidneys). If you keep adding water (magnesium), the sink overflows, causing a mess (magnesium toxicity). Switching to Metamucil is like using a solution that doesn’t add more water to the sink, preventing overflow and keeping things safe.

For clients with chronic renal failure, safe and effective bowel management is essential to prevent complications like electrolyte imbalances or fecal impaction.

• Educate the client to avoid magnesium-containing products, including laxatives like Milk of Magnesia, antacids, and supplements.
• Recommend fiber-based laxatives like psyllium (Metamucil) or stool softeners like docusate sodium (Colace), which are safer alternatives for preventing and managing constipation.
• Encourage adequate fluid intake (if permitted) and a high-fiber diet to promote regular bowel movements.
• Monitor the client’s serum magnesium levels and watch for signs of hypermagnesemia, such as lethargy, weakness, or hypotension.
• Discuss the importance of consulting the healthcare provider before using over-the-counter medications, as many may be contraindicated in renal failure.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Milk of Magnesia is too abrasive for the bowel. Milk of Magnesia is not considered abrasive to the bowel. It works by drawing water into the intestines via osmotic action to soften stool. The issue is not abrasiveness but the risk of magnesium toxicity in clients with impaired renal function.

Metamucil has a better taste. The taste of the product is not the reason for recommending psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid (Metamucil). The recommendation is based on safety concerns related to magnesium toxicity in chronic renal failure, not palatability.

Milk of Magnesia contains high levels of sodium. Milk of Magnesia does not contain high levels of sodium. Sodium content is not a concern with this medication, and the recommendation to avoid it is due to the magnesium it contains, which can accumulate in clients with renal failure.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Hyperkalemia.  Hyperkalemia is the primary and most urgent indicator for initiating hemodialysis in clients with chronic renal failure. When potassium levels in the blood become dangerously elevated (typically >6.0 mEq/L), the risk of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, including ventricular fibrillation or asystole, significantly increases. The kidneys' inability to excrete potassium effectively in chronic renal failure can lead to this condition. Hemodialysis is used to rapidly and effectively remove excess potassium from the blood, restoring safe levels and preventing cardiac complications.

In chronic renal failure, the kidneys lose their ability to maintain potassium balance due to reduced glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and hormonal regulation of potassium excretion. Elevated potassium levels interfere with the electrical activity of the heart by altering the resting membrane potential of cardiac cells, leading to arrhythmias. Hemodialysis directly removes potassium from the bloodstream, rapidly correcting hyperkalemia and stabilizing the client’s condition.

Imagine an overflowing cup of water (representing potassium levels). If the cup keeps overflowing, it will cause damage (cardiac arrhythmias). Hemodialysis acts like a sponge that quickly absorbs the excess water, bringing the levels back to normal and preventing harm.

In clients with chronic renal failure, prompt detection and management of hyperkalemia are critical to preventing complications.

• Monitor serum potassium levels regularly and assess for symptoms of hyperkalemia, such as muscle weakness, paresthesia, or cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., peaked T waves on an ECG).
• Administer emergency treatments for hyperkalemia, such as calcium gluconate (to stabilize the myocardium), insulin with glucose (to shift potassium into cells), or sodium bicarbonate (to correct acidosis contributing to hyperkalemia) as prescribed.
• Prepare the client for hemodialysis if hyperkalemia persists despite medical management or if levels are critically high.
• Educate clients on dietary restrictions to limit potassium intake, avoiding high-potassium foods like bananas, oranges, potatoes, and tomatoes.
• Reinforce adherence to the dialysis schedule to prevent recurrent episodes of hyperkalemia and associated complications.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Presence of ascites. While ascites can occur in clients with chronic kidney disease due to fluid retention, it is not the primary indicator for initiating hemodialysis. Fluid overload leading to pulmonary edema or severe dyspnea would take priority over ascites for dialysis initiation.

Development of acidosis. Severe metabolic acidosis (e.g., pH <7.1) is an indication for dialysis but is not typically the primary trigger. Acidosis can often be managed with bicarbonate therapy unless it becomes refractory, in which case dialysis may be initiated. Hyperkalemia is more urgent due to its immediate risk of cardiac complications.

Persistent hypertension. While hypertension is a common and serious complication of chronic renal failure, it is generally managed with antihypertensive medications and dietary sodium restrictions. Persistent hypertension alone is not an immediate indication for dialysis unless it contributes to severe fluid overload or end-organ damage.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Provide supplemental oxygen. Mr. Carter’s clinical presentation of severe hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, low oxygen saturation, shortness of breath, and pedal edema suggests fluid overload and potentially acute pulmonary edema. These conditions result in impaired oxygenation, making oxygen supplementation the priority intervention to address the immediate risk of hypoxia. Providing oxygen improves tissue oxygenation while further assessments and interventions, such as fluid removal through hemodialysis, are prepared. In nursing care, addressing airway and breathing issues takes precedence, as guided by the ABCs of emergency care (Airway, Breathing, Circulation).

In clients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis, fluid overload can occur due to inadequate removal of fluid or noncompliance with fluid restrictions. The accumulation of fluid increases intravascular volume, elevates blood pressure, and may lead to pulmonary congestion. Pulmonary congestion impairs gas exchange, leading to hypoxia, as reflected by the low oxygen saturation (89%) and respiratory distress (tachypnea and shortness of breath). Oxygen administration is crucial to stabilize the client while preparing for definitive treatment, such as hemodialysis.

Imagine trying to help a plant drowning in water (fluid overload). Before draining the water from the soil, you must ensure the plant can "breathe" by providing immediate airflow or ventilation. Similarly, in this situation, providing oxygen ensures the client’s tissues are oxygenated while planning further interventions.

Once supplemental oxygen is provided, the nurse should continue with further assessments and interventions to address fluid overload and prevent worsening of the client’s condition:

• Administer supplemental oxygen to achieve an oxygen saturation above 92%, as ordered or per hospital protocol.
• Position the client in a high-Fowler’s position to facilitate lung expansion and reduce respiratory effort.
• Notify the healthcare provider immediately to prepare for urgent hemodialysis to remove excess fluid.
• Monitor vital signs frequently, particularly blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation.
• Assess for signs of worsening pulmonary edema, such as crackles, cyanosis, or frothy sputum, and prepare emergency equipment (e.g., BiPAP or intubation) if needed.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Raise the foot of the bed to reduce swelling. This is incorrect because raising the foot of the bed can worsen pulmonary congestion by redistributing fluid back into the central circulation. For clients with fluid overload and respiratory distress, the head of the bed should be elevated (high-Fowler’s position) to promote lung expansion and ease breathing.

Implement fluid restrictions immediately. While fluid restrictions are an important long-term management strategy for preventing fluid overload in clients on hemodialysis, they do not address the immediate respiratory distress or hypoxia. Supplemental oxygen must be provided first to stabilize the client.

Get the client ready for hemodialysis treatment. While hemodialysis is the definitive treatment for fluid overload, it is not the first action. The client’s hypoxia and respiratory distress must be addressed immediately by providing oxygen before preparing for dialysis.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

It requires a considerable amount of time for each session.  The primary disadvantage of peritoneal dialysis is the significant amount of time required for the procedure. Unlike hemodialysis, which is usually performed 3 times per week for 3–5 hours per session, peritoneal dialysis involves multiple exchanges daily (continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis or CAPD) or an overnight process (automated peritoneal dialysis or APD). Each session, including the infusion, dwell, and drainage phases, can take several hours. This time commitment can interfere with daily activities and is often perceived as burdensome by clients.

Peritoneal dialysis works by infusing a glucose-based dialysate into the peritoneal cavity, where waste products and excess fluids diffuse across the peritoneal membrane. The process depends on the dwell time (the time dialysate remains in the peritoneal cavity), which allows for adequate exchange of solutes. Unlike hemodialysis, which rapidly filters blood using an external machine, peritoneal dialysis is a slower process that requires more time for waste removal.

Think of peritoneal dialysis as filling a sponge with water and waiting for the water to soak up dirt before wringing it out. It takes time for the sponge (peritoneal membrane) to do its job, unlike a washing machine (hemodialysis), which can clean things much faster.

When educating clients about peritoneal dialysis, it is essential to discuss the time commitment involved and provide strategies for integrating treatment into their daily routine.

• Discuss the differences in time requirements between peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis to help clients make an informed decision about their treatment options.
• Provide guidance on creating a flexible schedule to accommodate daily exchanges or overnight dialysis sessions.
• Educate clients on the importance of adhering to prescribed dwell times to ensure effective waste and fluid removal.
• Reassure clients about the autonomy and flexibility that peritoneal dialysis offers, allowing them to perform treatment at home.
• Address any concerns about lifestyle adjustments and provide emotional support to ease the transition to peritoneal dialysis.

✘Incorrect answer options:

There is a significant risk of hemorrhage. The risk of hemorrhage is not a primary disadvantage of peritoneal dialysis. Although complications such as catheter-related bleeding can occur, they are relatively uncommon compared to risks such as infection (e.g., peritonitis).

It cannot address severe electrolyte imbalances. Peritoneal dialysis is capable of managing electrolyte imbalances effectively, including hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and acidosis, provided it is done as prescribed. Severe imbalances can still be addressed with adequate dialysis exchanges or modifications to the dialysate solution.

The likelihood of contracting hepatitis is elevated. The risk of contracting hepatitis is more closely associated with hemodialysis due to potential bloodborne pathogen exposure through shared equipment or improper infection control measures. Peritoneal dialysis, performed at home with clean technique, has a much lower risk of hepatitis transmission.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Monitor the client and assess for other signs of infection. While a temperature of 100.2°F may be a normal response to hemodialysis (due to the slight warming of blood as it passes through the machine), it is essential to monitor the client and assess for any accompanying signs of infection or systemic complications. Clients undergoing hemodialysis are at an increased risk of infection, especially at the vascular access site or due to bloodstream infections like sepsis. A temperature of 100.2°F is not alarmingly high, but the nurse should assess for additional symptoms, such as chills, malaise, redness, swelling, or drainage at the fistula site, and systemic signs of infection (e.g., tachycardia, hypotension). If no other signs of infection are present and the temperature normalizes upon reassessment, the finding can be considered related to the hemodialysis process.

Hemodialysis clients are vulnerable to infections due to the repeated use of vascular access (e.g., AV fistulas or catheters), reduced immunity, and chronic health conditions. Even a mild fever in this population warrants careful evaluation to rule out infection, especially given the high morbidity associated with infections in clients with renal failure.

Think of a mild fever as a warning light in a car. While it might not indicate a serious problem right away, it's important to inspect the car further to ensure no underlying issue is causing the warning.

When assessing a mild fever in a client after hemodialysis, the nurse should:

• Assess for other signs and symptoms of infection, including chills, malaise, tachycardia, and hypotension.
• Inspect the vascular access site for redness, swelling, warmth, or drainage, which could indicate a localized infection.
• Monitor vital signs closely to detect trends (e.g., a rising temperature, increasing heart rate).
• Reassess the client’s temperature after a short period to determine if the fever persists or resolves.
• If infection is suspected or the fever worsens, notify the healthcare provider promptly for further evaluation and intervention.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Document the temperature as a normal finding after dialysis. While a mild temperature increase may occur as a result of blood warming during dialysis, the nurse should not assume this without assessing for other signs of infection. Fever in a dialysis client requires further investigation to rule out serious complications, such as infection.

Notify the healthcare provider immediately. Immediate notification is not necessary for a temperature of 100.2°F unless it is accompanied by other signs of infection or systemic compromise (e.g., hypotension, chills). The nurse should assess the client further before escalating the concern.

Administer antipyretics as prescribed. Antipyretics are not typically indicated for a low-grade fever (100.2°F) unless the client is symptomatic (e.g., discomfort or chills) or the fever is due to an infection. The priority is identifying and addressing the underlying cause, rather than treating the fever itself.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Tums (calcium carbonate). Calcium carbonate (Tums) is a phosphate-binding agent commonly prescribed to clients with chronic renal failure to manage hyperphosphatemia (elevated phosphate levels). Calcium carbonate works by binding dietary phosphate in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing its absorption into the bloodstream. Unlike aluminum-based phosphate binders, calcium carbonate avoids the risk of aluminum toxicity, which can lead to aluminum-related dementia, a serious neurological condition caused by excessive aluminum accumulation.

In the past, aluminum-based phosphate binders (e.g., aluminum hydroxide) were commonly used, but they are now rarely prescribed due to their association with aluminum toxicity. Chronic renal failure patients are particularly vulnerable to aluminum toxicity because their impaired kidneys cannot effectively excrete aluminum. This makes non-aluminum phosphate binders, such as calcium carbonate or calcium acetate, the preferred choice.

In chronic renal failure, the kidneys are unable to excrete phosphate efficiently, leading to hyperphosphatemia. This condition contributes to secondary hyperparathyroidism and bone disease. Phosphate binders help to control phosphate levels and maintain the calcium-phosphate balance. Calcium carbonate has the added benefit of providing calcium supplementation, which can help reduce the risk of hypocalcemia, a common complication in renal failure.

Imagine your body as a pool, and phosphate as leaves that fall into the water. Calcium carbonate acts like a skimmer, catching the leaves (phosphate) before they sink into the pool (bloodstream). Aluminum-based binders can also skim leaves but leave harmful debris (aluminum toxicity) behind, so they’re avoided.

When teaching clients with chronic renal failure about phosphate binders, the nurse should emphasize the following points:

• Explain the purpose of phosphate binders in managing hyperphosphatemia and preventing complications such as bone disease and calcification.
• Instruct the client to take phosphate binders with meals, as they are most effective when taken alongside dietary phosphate intake.
• Encourage adherence to a renal diet that limits foods high in phosphate, such as dairy, processed meats, and sodas.
• Monitor for signs of hypercalcemia if calcium-based binders are prescribed, such as nausea, confusion, or weakness, and report abnormal lab values.
• Educate the client about the risks of aluminum toxicity and why non-aluminum binders are preferred.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Alu-Cap (aluminum hydroxide). This is incorrect because aluminum hydroxide is an aluminum-based phosphate binder that carries a high risk of aluminum toxicity, especially in clients with chronic renal failure. Prolonged use can lead to aluminum-related dementia and bone disease.

Amphojel (aluminum hydroxide). This is incorrect for the same reasons as Alu-Cap. Aluminum hydroxide is generally avoided in chronic renal failure due to its potential to cause aluminum toxicity.

Basaljel (aluminum hydroxide). This is incorrect because Basaljel, another aluminum-based binder, is also associated with aluminum toxicity and is not recommended for clients with chronic renal failure.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Make sure small clamps are secured to the AV shunt dressing.  A client with an arteriovenous (AV) shunt is at risk for bleeding because the shunt involves surgically connecting an artery to a vein, creating a high-pressure system. If the shunt becomes dislodged or damaged, significant blood loss can occur rapidly due to the high-pressure blood flow. Securing small clamps to the dressing ensures that emergency interventions can be promptly performed if bleeding occurs, allowing the nurse or client to quickly clamp the shunt and minimize blood loss. This is a crucial preventative measure for clients with an AV shunt.

An AV shunt creates a direct connection between an artery and a vein to facilitate hemodialysis. Because of the high blood pressure within the shunt, even a small injury or dislodgement can result in significant bleeding. The presence of clamps allows for quick control of bleeding by occluding blood flow through the shunt.

Imagine a garden hose connected to a high-pressure faucet. If the hose is accidentally punctured, water sprays out quickly. Having a clamp nearby to close off the hose immediately can stop the water flow and prevent flooding. Similarly, clamps on an AV shunt dressing help control bleeding in case of an emergency.

Nurses must prioritize prevention and early detection of bleeding in clients with AV shunts while educating the client on proper care and emergency measures.

• Ensure that small clamps are secured to the AV shunt dressing at all times and readily accessible in case of bleeding.
• Inspect the shunt site frequently (more than once per shift) for signs of bleeding, infection, or other complications such as skin erosion around the site.
• Reinforce to the client the importance of not manipulating or tugging on the shunt and avoiding activities that may damage the site.
• Educate the client and family on how to use the clamps in case of emergency bleeding and instruct them to call for immediate medical assistance.
• Monitor the client for signs of excessive bleeding, such as hypotension, tachycardia, or pallor, and take action as needed.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Review the client’s PT results as ordered. While monitoring clotting times such as PT (prothrombin time) is important, especially if the client is on anticoagulants, it is not the most immediate or direct action to prevent bleeding. PT results guide the management of anticoagulation but do not directly prevent bleeding from an AV shunt.

Inspect the shunt site once during each shift. Inspecting the shunt site is important for identifying signs of bleeding, infection, or malfunction, but once per shift is insufficient. Frequent and thorough assessments are required, particularly for clients at high risk for bleeding.

Assess the shunt for a bruit and thrill regularly. Assessing for a bruit and thrill is critical for evaluating the patency and function of the AV shunt, but it does not directly prevent bleeding. The absence of a bruit or thrill indicates a blockage or malfunction rather than a bleeding issue.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Slow the infusion rate of the dialysate.  Abdominal pain during the infusion of dialysate in peritoneal dialysis is a common concern, especially for new patients. The discomfort is often due to rapid infusion, which can cause peritoneal distention or irritation of the abdominal cavity. Slowing the infusion rate is a simple and effective intervention to reduce the strain on the peritoneum, minimizing pain while allowing the procedure to continue. This adjustment ensures the treatment remains effective and comfortable for the patient.

The infusion phase of peritoneal dialysis introduces dialysate into the peritoneal cavity, where it facilitates the diffusion of waste products and electrolytes across the peritoneal membrane. Rapid infusion can overstretch the peritoneal lining, triggering pain receptors and causing discomfort. Slowing the rate allows the body to adjust to the fluid's presence without causing undue stress to the peritoneum.

Imagine filling a water balloon. If you fill it too quickly, the balloon stretches rapidly and may even pop. Filling it slowly reduces the tension and allows the balloon to expand comfortably. Similarly, slowing the infusion rate eases the tension on the peritoneal cavity, making the process less painful for the patient.

Nurses should implement strategies to address the client's pain while ensuring the procedure's safety and effectiveness.

• Adjust the infusion rate as needed, using the prescribed equipment settings to prevent rapid inflow of dialysate.
• Assess for other causes of pain, such as catheter malposition, peritonitis, or cold dialysate, and address these factors promptly if identified.
• Educate the client about the potential for initial discomfort and reassure them that the pain usually subsides as the body adjusts to the treatment.
• Warm the dialysate to body temperature (if not already warmed) to avoid cold-induced discomfort.
• Document the client's pain, interventions performed, and the effectiveness of the adjustments in their medical record.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Stop the dialysis immediately and notify the provider. Discontinuing peritoneal dialysis is not an appropriate first-line intervention for abdominal pain during infusion unless there are signs of serious complications such as peritonitis (e.g., fever, cloudy effluent, rebound tenderness). Pain due to rapid infusion is typically resolved by adjusting the infusion rate, and stopping treatment unnecessarily interrupts therapy.

Administer prescribed analgesics before continuing. While analgesics may be prescribed for pain relief in certain situations, they do not address the underlying cause of the pain in this scenario. Adjusting the infusion rate directly targets the issue and is a more appropriate first step.

Encourage the client to change positions to alleviate discomfort. Changing positions can be helpful in some cases (e.g., for catheter malposition), but it is not the most appropriate initial action for infusion-related pain. Slowing the infusion rate is more likely to alleviate the discomfort caused by rapid distention of the peritoneum.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

To bind phosphorus in the gastrointestinal tract.  Aluminum hydroxide gel (Amphojel) is prescribed for clients with chronic renal failure primarily as a phosphate binder. Chronic renal failure leads to an impaired ability to excrete phosphorus, resulting in hyperphosphatemia. This imbalance can cause secondary hyperparathyroidism and disrupt calcium-phosphorus homeostasis, leading to bone disorders such as renal osteodystrophy. Aluminum hydroxide works by binding phosphorus in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing its absorption and lowering serum phosphorus levels.

In chronic renal failure, the kidneys lose their ability to excrete phosphorus effectively. High levels of phosphorus in the blood reduce calcium levels, stimulating the parathyroid glands to release parathyroid hormone (PTH), which can result in bone demineralization. Phosphate binders like aluminum hydroxide help prevent these complications by reducing phosphorus absorption from dietary intake.

Imagine phosphorus as a sponge that soaks up calcium in the bloodstream. Too much phosphorus means less calcium is available, leading to weak bones. Aluminum hydroxide acts like a "phosphorus catcher," trapping it in the digestive system before it enters the blood, helping maintain balance and protect bones.

Proper education on the use of aluminum hydroxide is critical for effective management of hyperphosphatemia in clients with chronic renal failure.

• Instruct the client to take aluminum hydroxide gel with meals, as it binds phosphorus from food during digestion.
• Monitor serum phosphorus and calcium levels regularly to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment.
• Educate the client about dietary phosphorus restrictions, such as limiting high-phosphorus foods like dairy, nuts, and processed foods.
• Inform the client about potential side effects of aluminum hydroxide, such as constipation or aluminum toxicity with prolonged use.
• Emphasize the importance of adhering to the prescribed dosage to prevent complications like hypophosphatemia or toxicity.

✘Incorrect answer options:

To alleviate discomfort caused by gastric hyperacidity. While aluminum hydroxide can act as an antacid to relieve gastric hyperacidity, this is not its primary use in clients with chronic renal failure. Its primary purpose is as a phosphate binder.

To reduce the risk of developing Curling’s stress ulcers. Curling’s ulcers are stress-related gastric ulcers often seen in clients with severe burns or acute stress conditions. Aluminum hydroxide is not specifically used for this purpose, and it is unrelated to the management of chronic renal failure.

To correct metabolic acidosis. Aluminum hydroxide does not directly correct metabolic acidosis. Sodium bicarbonate or other alkalinizing agents are typically prescribed to manage metabolic acidosis in chronic renal failure.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Fluid intake, urine output, and body weight.  Clients undergoing hemodialysis are at risk for fluid imbalances due to impaired kidney function. Monitoring daily fluid intake, urine output (if any), and body weight is crucial for detecting fluid retention or dehydration. A sudden increase in weight can indicate fluid overload, a common complication in dialysis clients, while a decrease may indicate dehydration. These measurements help clients and healthcare providers manage fluid restrictions and prevent complications such as pulmonary edema, hypertension, or hypotension.

In chronic kidney failure, the kidneys lose the ability to effectively excrete fluid and regulate body water balance. Hemodialysis removes excess fluid during treatment, but between sessions, fluid can accumulate in the body if intake exceeds output. Monitoring these parameters allows for early detection of fluid-related issues and helps ensure the client stays within their prescribed fluid allowance.

Imagine a bucket with a small leak (representing kidney function) that slowly fills with water over time. If you don't monitor how much water is added (fluid intake) or how much leaks out (urine output), the bucket could overflow (fluid overload). Weighing the bucket regularly (body weight) helps track how much water is being retained.

Nurses should ensure that clients on hemodialysis understand the importance of self-monitoring and provide clear instructions for accurate daily tracking.

• Instruct the client to measure and record daily body weight at the same time each day, preferably in the morning after voiding, to detect fluid retention.
• Advise the client to monitor and limit fluid intake as prescribed by their healthcare provider.
• Encourage the client to record any urine output (if applicable) and report significant changes, such as a drastic reduction or absence of urine.
• Educate the client about the symptoms of fluid overload (e.g., swelling, shortness of breath, increased blood pressure) and dehydration (e.g., dizziness, low blood pressure, dry mouth).
• Reinforce adherence to their dialysis schedule and dietary restrictions, including sodium and potassium control, to prevent complications.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Heart rate and respiratory rate. While monitoring vital signs is important, daily recording of heart rate and respiratory rate is not the primary focus for self-monitoring in dialysis clients. These parameters are typically assessed during clinic visits or dialysis sessions unless the client has specific cardiac or respiratory concerns.

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels. Although BUN and creatinine are key indicators of kidney function, clients are not expected to monitor these levels daily as they require laboratory testing. These are typically assessed by the healthcare provider during routine bloodwork.

Physical activity and exercise routine. Tracking physical activity is beneficial for overall health, but it is not the primary focus of daily self-monitoring for dialysis clients. Fluid balance, as measured by intake, output, and weight, is more critical for managing complications related to renal failure.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Monitor the AV fistula for a bruit and thrill. Monitoring the AV fistula for a bruit (a swooshing sound heard with a stethoscope) and a thrill (a vibration felt upon palpation) is a critical nursing intervention for clients undergoing hemodialysis. These signs indicate that the fistula is patent and functioning properly. A bruit is produced by the turbulent blood flow through the fistula, while the thrill reflects adequate blood flow. Regular monitoring helps detect complications such as thrombosis, stenosis, or infection, which could compromise the fistula's function and lead to the inability to perform hemodialysis.

An AV fistula is created surgically by connecting an artery and a vein, typically in the arm, to provide a durable and efficient vascular access site for hemodialysis. The high-pressure blood flow from the artery into the vein causes the vein to enlarge and thicken, making it suitable for repeated needle insertions. Without a functional AV fistula, dialysis cannot proceed effectively, so assessing its patency and identifying issues early is essential.

Imagine a water pump connected to a hose that delivers water to a field. The pump (artery) and hose (vein) must work together smoothly for water (blood) to flow efficiently. Checking for a sound (bruit) and vibration (thrill) ensures that the pump is functioning properly and delivering water as needed.

Caring for an AV fistula includes several essential interventions to maintain its functionality and prevent complications:

• Auscultate for a bruit and palpate for a thrill at least once per shift to assess fistula patency.
• Ensure the client understands the importance of protecting the AV fistula, such as avoiding heavy lifting or constrictive clothing on the affected arm.
• Teach the client to avoid sleeping on the arm with the fistula to prevent compression and reduced blood flow.
• Monitor for signs of infection at the site, such as redness, warmth, swelling, or drainage.
• Instruct the client to report any changes, such as the absence of a bruit or thrill, which may indicate thrombosis.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Ensure the AV fistula site remains dry. While keeping the site clean and dry is important, this is not the most critical intervention for an AV fistula. The primary focus is on assessing for patency (bruit and thrill) and preventing complications such as clotting or infection.

Cover the AV fistula with gauze at all times. This is incorrect because covering the fistula site with gauze at all times is unnecessary and may increase the risk of moisture buildup and infection. The site should remain uncovered and properly monitored.

Measure blood pressure using the left arm. This is incorrect because blood pressure, blood draws, or IV insertions should never be performed on the arm with the AV fistula. These actions can compromise blood flow, damage the fistula, or increase the risk of clotting. Blood pressure should be taken on the opposite arm or another appropriate site.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Use surgical aseptic technique while performing shunt care.  Surgical aseptic technique is critical when performing care on an arteriovenous (AV) shunt to prevent infection. The AV shunt provides direct access to the bloodstream, making it highly susceptible to infection if contaminated. Using sterile supplies and maintaining strict aseptic practices during dressing changes and other care procedures minimize the risk of complications, such as sepsis or shunt failure.

An AV shunt connects an artery to a vein, creating a high-pressure system that facilitates dialysis. Because it provides direct access to the vascular system, it serves as a potential entry point for pathogens. Proper aseptic technique is essential to reduce bacterial contamination and the risk of infection, including serious complications such as peritonitis or septicemia.

Imagine a secure pipeline delivering clean water. If someone opens it without taking proper precautions, contaminants can enter the system. Similarly, strict sterile technique ensures no "contaminants" (pathogens) enter the bloodstream through the AV shunt.

Nurses must follow specific protocols when caring for AV shunts to maintain their function and prevent complications.

• Always use surgical aseptic (sterile) technique during dressing changes, cannulation, and other procedures involving the shunt.
• Inspect the shunt site daily for signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, warmth, or drainage.
• Palpate the shunt for a thrill (vibration) and auscultate for a bruit (whooshing sound) regularly, which indicate shunt patency and proper blood flow.
• Instruct clients to avoid heavy lifting or pressure on the arm with the shunt to prevent damage or thrombosis.
• Teach clients to immediately report any changes, such as loss of bruit or thrill, pain, or signs of infection, as these may indicate shunt malfunction or complications.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Completely cover the cannula with an elastic bandage. Covering the cannula with an elastic bandage is inappropriate, as it can impede air circulation, trap moisture, and increase the risk of infection. Additionally, covering the shunt entirely may make it harder to detect complications such as bleeding or infection.

Notify the physician if a bruit and thrill are detected. The presence of a bruit and thrill is a normal and expected finding, indicating that the AV shunt is patent and functioning properly. It does not require notification of the physician. However, the absence of a bruit or thrill is abnormal and should be reported immediately.

Measure blood pressure on the right arm instead. Blood pressure should never be taken on the arm with the AV shunt, as this can compress the shunt, impair blood flow, and potentially damage the vascular access. Blood pressure should always be measured on the opposite arm.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

A thrill is palpable when the fistula is touched. The presence of a palpable thrill confirms that the arteriovenous (AV) fistula is functioning properly. A thrill is a vibration felt when lightly touching the fistula and is caused by the turbulent blood flow through the connection between the artery and vein. This is a normal and expected finding that indicates adequate blood flow through the fistula, which is essential for effective hemodialysis.

In addition to the thrill, the nurse should also listen for a bruit (a swooshing sound) with a stethoscope, which further confirms patency. Together, these assessments verify that the AV fistula is patent and capable of supporting dialysis by providing adequate vascular access.

An AV fistula is created surgically by connecting an artery and a vein, typically in the arm. The high pressure from arterial blood flow causes the vein to enlarge and thicken, making it durable for repeated needle insertions during dialysis. Proper blood flow is critical to prevent complications like thrombosis, stenosis, or occlusion, which could compromise the fistula's function.

Imagine a water pump connected to a hose. The vibration you feel when the pump is running (the thrill) and the sound of water flowing (the bruit) confirm that the pump is working properly. Similarly, the thrill and bruit confirm that the AV fistula is functioning correctly.

Nurses should routinely assess the patency of an AV fistula to ensure it remains functional and detect complications early:

• Palpate the fistula for a thrill and auscultate for a bruit at least once per shift or as per facility policy.
• Inspect the fistula site for signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, warmth, or drainage.
• Teach the client to avoid wearing tight clothing or jewelry on the fistula arm to prevent compression.
• Instruct the client to avoid heavy lifting or sleeping on the arm with the fistula to maintain proper blood flow.
• Advise the client to report any changes, such as the absence of a thrill or bruit, as these could indicate thrombosis or occlusion.

✘Incorrect answer options:

No audible bruit is heard when auscultating the fistula. This is incorrect because the absence of a bruit indicates that the fistula may not be functioning properly. A bruit should be heard when auscultating a patent AV fistula. Its absence suggests potential thrombosis or obstruction.

A strong radial pulse is detected in the left wrist. While a strong radial pulse is a good indicator of arterial blood flow in the arm, it does not confirm the patency of the AV fistula. The radial pulse is not directly related to the functionality of the fistula.

Capillary refill in the left-hand nail beds is under 3 seconds. Normal capillary refill is an indicator of adequate peripheral perfusion but does not assess the functionality of an AV fistula. Fistula patency is confirmed by the presence of a thrill and bruit, not capillary refill.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answers:

Clients with chronic renal failure (CRF) often experience a range of complications due to the kidneys’ inability to effectively filter waste products, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintain homeostasis. The nursing diagnoses listed as correct are commonly seen in this population and require intervention to improve outcomes.

Excess Fluid Volume. Clients with chronic renal failure often have impaired fluid excretion, leading to fluid retention. This results in complications such as edema, pulmonary congestion, hypertension, and even heart failure. Managing fluid volume through dietary restrictions, medications (e.g., diuretics or dialysis), and careful monitoring of intake and output is essential.

Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body Requirement.  Clients with chronic renal failure frequently experience poor nutrition due to factors such as anorexia, nausea, altered taste sensation (uremic taste), dietary restrictions, and protein catabolism caused by uremia. Additionally, reduced protein intake to minimize uremic symptoms can lead to protein-energy malnutrition. Supporting the client with tailored nutritional plans and monitoring lab values such as albumin and prealbumin is critical.

Activity Intolerance. Clients with chronic renal failure may experience fatigue, weakness, and activity intolerance due to anemia (caused by reduced erythropoietin production), electrolyte imbalances, and generalized uremic effects. Interventions to conserve energy and improve oxygenation (e.g., administering erythropoiesis-stimulating agents) are essential to address this diagnosis.

Imagine a water filtration system that is clogged and not working effectively. Excess water starts pooling (fluid volume overload), the water it delivers is dirty and unusable (poor nutrition), and the system becomes so inefficient that it operates with reduced energy (activity intolerance). Addressing these interconnected issues is like restoring balance to the filtration system to keep everything functioning smoothly.

   Nursing Interventions or Considerations for These Diagnoses:  

• Monitor fluid balance by measuring daily weights and intake/output. Use diuretics or dialysis as prescribed to manage fluid volume.
• Educate the client about dietary restrictions, such as low-protein, low-sodium, and low-potassium diets, and consult a dietitian as needed.
• Administer medications to correct anemia (e.g., erythropoietin) and monitor hematocrit and hemoglobin levels to improve energy levels.
• Encourage energy-conserving activities, alternating rest and exercise to minimize fatigue.
• Monitor for complications such as pulmonary edema, electrolyte imbalances, and changes in mental status.

✘Incorrect answers:

Impaired Gas Exchange. Impaired gas exchange is not a primary issue associated with chronic renal failure unless the client develops complications such as pulmonary edema or respiratory infections. However, this would require additional assessment and is not a universal nursing diagnosis for CRF.

Pain. Reasoning: While pain may occur in some clients due to specific complications (e.g., neuropathy or dialysis-related discomfort), it is not a primary or universal nursing diagnosis for chronic renal failure. It would only apply if pain is identified as a specific concern during the client’s assessment.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

The bleeding may suggest damage to abdominal blood vessels.  Consistently blood-tinged solution draining from the abdomen during peritoneal dialysis is abnormal and may indicate damage to abdominal blood vessels or irritation of the peritoneal lining. This can occur due to trauma during catheter insertion, friction from the catheter, or a more serious complication such as peritonitis or infection causing vascular inflammation. Nurse Maria should promptly report this finding to the healthcare provider for further evaluation, as persistent bleeding may indicate a need for intervention.

The peritoneal cavity is richly supplied with blood vessels. Trauma to these vessels during catheter placement or irritation caused by the catheter may result in blood leaking into the peritoneal cavity and subsequently into the dialysate. While a small amount of transient blood-tinged effluent may occasionally occur, particularly after catheter placement, consistent bleeding is a concerning sign that warrants investigation.

Imagine a garden hose being dragged across a rough surface. If the surface causes minor scratches to the hose, a small leak might occur. Similarly, if the catheter irritates or damages blood vessels in the peritoneum, it can cause bleeding that shows up in the drained dialysate.

The nurse should assess the situation thoroughly and take steps to address potential complications.

• Assess the client for other signs of complications, such as abdominal pain, fever, or cloudy effluent, which could indicate peritonitis or infection.
• Inspect the catheter site for signs of trauma, infection, or leakage, which might contribute to bleeding.
• Document the appearance of the effluent (e.g., volume, color, and presence of blood) and report findings to the healthcare provider.
• Monitor the client's vital signs closely, as persistent blood loss could lead to hypotension or tachycardia.
• Prepare the client for possible diagnostic testing, such as imaging studies or laboratory work, to identify the source of bleeding.

✘Incorrect answer options:

It is normal to see bleeding with a permanent peritoneal catheter. While a small amount of bleeding might be seen immediately after catheter placement, it is not normal for blood-tinged drainage to persist consistently in clients with a permanent peritoneal catheter. Persistent bleeding should always be investigated.

The bleeding is a sign of potential kidney damage. Kidney damage does not typically cause bleeding in the dialysate during peritoneal dialysis, as the procedure involves the peritoneal cavity and not direct interaction with the kidneys. Signs of kidney damage would be reflected in blood tests or urine output rather than dialysate appearance.

The bleeding results from infusing the dialysate too quickly. Rapid infusion of dialysate may cause abdominal discomfort or cramping but does not directly lead to bleeding. Bleeding in the dialysate is more likely due to vascular trauma or irritation in the peritoneal cavity.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Excess fluid volume related to the kidney’s inability to regulate fluid balance.  The clinical findings of crackles in the lungs, high blood pressure, and rapid weight gain indicate fluid overload, which is a hallmark of chronic renal failure. The kidneys' impaired ability to excrete fluid and regulate electrolyte balance leads to fluid retention, causing these symptoms. The most appropriate nursing diagnosis is Excess fluid volume related to the kidney’s inability to regulate fluid balance. This diagnosis prioritizes the underlying issue—fluid overload—which is contributing to the client’s respiratory symptoms (crackles), cardiovascular strain (hypertension), and weight gain.

In chronic renal failure, the kidneys lose their ability to excrete sodium and water efficiently. This results in fluid retention, increased intravascular volume, and eventual fluid leakage into tissues or the lungs (causing pulmonary edema). Fluid overload can lead to complications such as hypertension, heart failure, and impaired gas exchange if not managed promptly.

Imagine a bathtub with a clogged drain. Water continues to fill the tub, but since the drain (representing the kidneys) isn’t working properly, the water starts to overflow, spilling onto the floor (the body). The signs of this overflow—like weight gain, crackles in the lungs, and high blood pressure—are similar to what happens in fluid overload during chronic renal failure. The solution involves stopping the water source (fluid intake control) and finding ways to remove the excess water (dialysis or diuretics).

Managing fluid overload involves careful monitoring and interventions to restore fluid balance and prevent complications.

• Assess daily weights and record fluid intake and output to monitor fluid retention.
• Auscultate lung sounds frequently to detect worsening crackles, which may indicate pulmonary edema.
• Monitor vital signs, particularly blood pressure, as fluid overload often contributes to hypertension.
• Administer diuretics or adjust dialysis treatment as prescribed to promote fluid removal.
• Educate the client about dietary fluid and sodium restrictions to help control fluid retention.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Increased cardiac output related to fluid overload. While fluid overload can increase preload and result in higher cardiac workload initially, this client’s symptoms are not indicative of increased cardiac output. Over time, fluid overload can lead to decreased cardiac output due to heart strain or failure.

Ineffective tissue perfusion related to disrupted arterial blood flow. This diagnosis applies more to conditions involving arterial insufficiency, such as peripheral vascular disease. The client’s symptoms (crackles, hypertension, weight gain) point to fluid overload rather than inadequate blood flow.

Ineffective therapeutic regimen management related to insufficient knowledge of treatment. While this diagnosis might apply if the client demonstrates poor adherence to treatment or dietary restrictions, the priority issue here is the physiological problem of fluid overload. This diagnosis would be secondary and require further investigation into the client’s understanding of their condition.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

A client with diabetes undergoing heart catheterization. The client with diabetes undergoing a heart catheterization is at the highest risk of developing acute renal failure (ARF) due to several factors. Clients with diabetes are already at increased risk for kidney damage because of pre-existing diabetic nephropathy or poor blood glucose control. Additionally, during heart catheterization, contrast dye is often used, which can cause contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), a significant and common cause of ARF. CIN occurs when the contrast dye impairs renal perfusion and causes direct nephrotoxicity, particularly in clients with pre-existing kidney dysfunction or diabetes.

Moreover, the invasive nature of the procedure can lead to hypotension or other hemodynamic changes, further increasing the risk of renal injury. Therefore, this client presents a combination of risk factors, including diabetes, exposure to contrast dye, and potential hemodynamic instability, making them the most vulnerable to developing ARF.

Acute renal failure, also known as acute kidney injury (AKI), occurs when the kidneys suddenly lose their ability to filter waste products, balance fluids, and regulate electrolytes. In CIN, the nephrotoxicity from contrast media causes vasoconstriction and reduced renal blood flow, leading to ischemia and tubular damage. Pre-existing diabetes exacerbates this risk by contributing to baseline kidney dysfunction.

Imagine your kidneys as a water filter that's already partially clogged (diabetes). Pouring thick, heavy liquid (contrast dye) into the filter increases the risk that it will stop working altogether, just as the kidneys might stop filtering properly in ARF.

Clients undergoing procedures involving contrast dye, especially those with diabetes, require careful monitoring and preventive measures:

• Hydrate the client before and after the procedure to maintain renal perfusion and prevent contrast-induced nephropathy.
• Monitor renal function closely by assessing blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and urine output.
• Administer nephroprotective agents (e.g., acetylcysteine) as ordered to reduce the risk of contrast-induced kidney damage.
• Avoid nephrotoxic medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), before and after the procedure.
• Educate the client on recognizing signs of ARF, such as decreased urine output, fatigue, and swelling, and report these symptoms promptly.

✘Incorrect answer options:

A client on dialysis who contracts influenza. While contracting influenza may pose health risks, a client already on dialysis is less likely to develop acute renal failure because their kidney function is already being replaced by dialysis. The risk of ARF in this case is significantly lower compared to a client undergoing a procedure with contrast dye.

A teenager undergoing an appendectomy. Appendectomy is a routine surgical procedure and is unlikely to result in acute renal failure unless significant complications such as severe infection, sepsis, or hypovolemia occur. A healthy teenager without underlying conditions has a low baseline risk for ARF.

A pregnant client with a fractured femur. While a pregnant client with a fractured femur may have some risk factors for ARF, such as potential blood loss, the risk is lower compared to a client with diabetes exposed to contrast dye. Pregnancy itself does not significantly predispose clients to ARF unless accompanied by conditions such as preeclampsia or severe trauma.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Vital signs and weight. After a hemodialysis session, Nurse Megan should assess the client’s vital signs and weight as standard indicators of the client’s status. Monitoring vital signs—including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature—is crucial because hemodialysis can cause complications such as hypotension, tachycardia, or even fever if an infection is present. Weight is also an essential indicator because it reflects fluid removal during dialysis. The client’s post-dialysis weight is compared to their pre-dialysis weight to determine the amount of fluid removed during the session. Proper weight reduction indicates successful fluid balance management, while insufficient or excessive fluid removal could signal issues requiring attention.

In chronic renal failure, the kidneys are unable to excrete excess fluid, leading to fluid retention and weight gain. Hemodialysis removes this fluid, and post-dialysis weight reflects the effectiveness of the treatment. Monitoring vital signs helps detect early signs of complications such as hypotension (common after fluid removal), dysrhythmias (related to electrolyte shifts), or fever (a sign of infection at the vascular access site or systemically).

Think of the body as a sponge filled with water (fluid overload). Dialysis "wrings out" the sponge to remove the excess water. By weighing the sponge (checking weight) and ensuring it’s not leaking or strained (monitoring vital signs), you confirm that the process was effective and safe.

After hemodialysis, nurses should assess and document the client’s status using these standard indicators:

• Measure and record the client’s weight before and after dialysis to determine fluid removal.
• Monitor vital signs to detect complications such as hypotension, tachycardia, or fever.
• Assess the vascular access site for signs of bleeding, infection, or infiltration.
• Monitor the client for symptoms of disequilibrium syndrome, such as headache, nausea, or confusion, especially in new dialysis patients.
• Evaluate the client’s overall response to the session, including improvements in symptoms such as shortness of breath or edema.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Potassium level and weight. While potassium levels are important to monitor in clients with chronic renal failure, potassium does not need to be immediately assessed after every dialysis session unless the client shows specific symptoms (e.g., dysrhythmias). Weight, however, is always monitored.

BUN and creatinine levels. While BUN and creatinine are key indicators of kidney function and dialysis effectiveness, these lab values do not change immediately after a single dialysis session and are typically monitored periodically rather than post-session.

Vital signs and BUN. Monitoring vital signs is correct, but BUN does not need to be assessed immediately after dialysis. Weight provides a more immediate and practical measure of the effectiveness of fluid removal and the client’s post-dialysis status.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Connect the client to a cardiac monitor.  A serum potassium level of 5.8 mEq/L indicates hyperkalemia, which can have serious, life-threatening effects on cardiac function. Hyperkalemia increases the risk of cardiac dysrhythmias, including bradycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or asystole. The priority nursing action is to connect the client to a cardiac monitor to continuously assess for any changes in cardiac rhythm. This allows for early detection and prompt treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.

Potassium plays a critical role in maintaining the electrical conductivity of the heart. Elevated potassium levels can disrupt the normal gradient of potassium across cell membranes, impairing depolarization and repolarization of cardiac cells. This can manifest as electrocardiographic changes, such as peaked T waves, widened QRS complexes, and, in severe cases, sine wave patterns or cardiac arrest.

Think of potassium as a conductor of electrical signals in the heart. If there's too much potassium, the "electrical wires" (heart's electrical system) can short-circuit, causing the "machine" (the heart) to malfunction. Connecting the client to a cardiac monitor is like setting up an alarm system to catch these malfunctions early.

In addition to cardiac monitoring, nurses should take other steps to manage hyperkalemia and prevent complications.

• Immediately place the client on a cardiac monitor and assess for ECG changes, such as peaked T waves or widened QRS complexes.
• Notify the healthcare provider of the elevated potassium level to initiate orders for treatment, such as calcium gluconate (to stabilize the myocardium), insulin with glucose (to shift potassium into cells), or sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) for potassium removal.
• Restrict dietary potassium intake and ensure the client avoids high-potassium foods such as bananas, oranges, and potatoes.
• Monitor the client's renal function, urine output, and other electrolyte levels, as these can impact the potassium level.
• Prepare the client for possible dialysis if conservative treatments are insufficient to lower potassium levels quickly.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Permit an additional 500 mL of fluid intake to reduce electrolyte concentration. Increasing fluid intake may dilute electrolyte concentrations, but it is not an appropriate intervention for hyperkalemia in acute renal failure, where the client is likely to have fluid retention or oliguria. Additional fluid intake could exacerbate fluid overload and worsen the client's condition.

Advise the client to increase vegetable intake in their diet. Many vegetables are high in potassium, and increasing their intake would further elevate serum potassium levels. In clients with hyperkalemia, a low-potassium diet is recommended to help control potassium levels.

Assess the client’s sodium level. While monitoring sodium levels is important in renal failure, it is not the priority intervention for a potassium level of 5.8 mEq/L. Hyperkalemia poses an immediate threat to cardiac function, making cardiac monitoring the most critical action.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Inspect the catheter for kinks or blockages. The first action Nurse Diana should take when there is insufficient drainage during peritoneal dialysis is to inspect the catheter for kinks or blockages. This is a common cause of inadequate drainage, and resolving mechanical obstructions in the catheter or tubing may immediately restore the flow of dialysate. Physical examination of the catheter, tubing, and connections is a quick, noninvasive troubleshooting step that should always be performed before attempting other interventions. If a kink is identified, it can be corrected easily, and this simple step often resolves the issue.

The peritoneal dialysis system uses a catheter to instill and drain dialysate from the peritoneal cavity. A kinked or obstructed catheter prevents the normal flow of fluid, leading to incomplete drainage. This could result in the retention of dialysate, which increases the risk of complications like peritonitis, fluid overload, or abdominal discomfort. Identifying and resolving catheter issues is critical to maintaining the effectiveness and safety of dialysis treatment.

Imagine a garden hose that's not draining water properly. The first thing you'd do is check for kinks or blockages in the hose to restore water flow. Similarly, inspecting the catheter for obstructions ensures that dialysate can drain correctly.

When there is insufficient drainage during peritoneal dialysis, nurses should systematically troubleshoot the issue to determine the cause and take appropriate action:

• Inspect the catheter and tubing for any kinks, compression, or obstructions that could impede fluid flow.
• Ensure that all clamps on the tubing are open and that there is no mechanical blockage along the drainage path.
• If no blockages are found, reposition the client to optimize the flow of dialysate, using gravity to assist drainage (e.g., turning side-to-side or sitting upright).
• Assess for signs of constipation, as it can increase intra-abdominal pressure and impede drainage.
• If troubleshooting measures do not resolve the issue, notify the physician for further evaluation and management.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Reposition the client to encourage drainage. While repositioning the client is a helpful troubleshooting measure, it is not the first step in this situation. Before attempting to reposition, the nurse should inspect the catheter and tubing to rule out mechanical issues, as this is a common and easily correctable cause of inadequate drainage.

Notify the physician immediately. It is premature to notify the physician before performing basic troubleshooting measures such as inspecting the catheter or repositioning the client. Nurses are expected to resolve simple issues independently before escalating the problem to the physician.

Clamp the catheter and plan to instill more dialysate during the next exchange. This is inappropriate because retaining dialysate in the peritoneal cavity can lead to complications such as fluid overload, infection, or discomfort. The nurse should focus on resolving the current issue before proceeding with the next exchange.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

To promote vasodilation and improve toxin removal.  The primary reason for warming peritoneal dialysis solution is to promote vasodilation in the peritoneal capillaries. Warmed dialysate increases blood flow to the peritoneal membrane, enhancing the diffusion of solutes (toxins) and fluid removal (ultrafiltration) during the dialysis process. Using a solution at body temperature also ensures client comfort by preventing abdominal discomfort or cramping that could occur if a cold solution were used.

Peritoneal dialysis depends on the principle of diffusion, where toxins and excess electrolytes move across the peritoneal membrane into the dialysate. Vasodilation caused by the warmed solution increases capillary perfusion, improving the efficiency of this exchange process. Additionally, using a cold solution can cause vasoconstriction and muscle spasms, reducing the effectiveness of dialysis and causing unnecessary discomfort.

Imagine a sponge placed in warm water. The heat helps open the sponge’s pores, allowing water to flow in and out more effectively. Similarly, warming the dialysis solution promotes vasodilation, improving the exchange of toxins and fluids across the peritoneal membrane.

Warming peritoneal dialysis solutions is a critical step to ensure optimal outcomes and client comfort during the procedure.

• Use a commercial warming device designed for peritoneal dialysis solutions to safely bring the solution to body temperature (98.6°F or 37°C).
• Never use a microwave or hot water bath, as these methods can cause uneven heating and damage the solution's composition.
• Verify the temperature of the solution before administration by feeling the bag or using a thermometer.
• Educate the client about the importance of warming the dialysate to enhance toxin removal and prevent discomfort.
• Monitor the client for signs of effective dialysis, such as clear outflow and improved laboratory results (e.g., reduced BUN and creatinine levels).

✘Incorrect answer options:

To prevent hypothermia during the procedure. While warming the dialysate may help maintain body temperature, the primary purpose is to promote vasodilation and improve toxin removal, not to prevent hypothermia. Hypothermia is unlikely with peritoneal dialysis unless a large volume of cold solution is used repeatedly.

To reduce the risk of infection. The risk of infection, such as peritonitis, is reduced through aseptic technique and proper catheter care, not by warming the solution. Warmed solutions do not have antimicrobial properties.

To ensure the solution mixes effectively with blood. The solution does not mix with blood directly. Peritoneal dialysis relies on diffusion and osmosis across the peritoneal membrane rather than direct mixing with blood. Warming the solution facilitates this exchange by promoting vasodilation, not by altering mixing dynamics.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Experiencing high blood sugar levels.  Adhering to the prescribed dwell time during peritoneal dialysis is essential, particularly for clients with diabetes mellitus. Dialysate contains glucose, which facilitates the process of osmotic fluid removal. If the dialysate remains in the peritoneal cavity longer than the prescribed dwell time, glucose can be absorbed into the bloodstream, leading to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels). This is especially critical for diabetic clients, who may already have impaired glucose control.

During peritoneal dialysis, glucose in the dialysate creates an osmotic gradient that helps draw excess fluid and waste products from the bloodstream into the peritoneal cavity. However, prolonged dwell times increase glucose absorption through the peritoneal membrane into the bloodstream, potentially exacerbating hyperglycemia in diabetic clients.

Think of dialysate as a sponge placed in water to soak up waste. If the sponge (dialysate) is left in water (peritoneal cavity) for too long, it starts releasing the absorbed water back into the environment. Similarly, prolonged dwell times can lead to glucose reabsorption into the bloodstream, causing high blood sugar levels.

To minimize the risk of hyperglycemia during peritoneal dialysis, nurses must educate clients on the importance of timely exchanges and monitoring their blood sugar levels.

• Teach the client to strictly adhere to prescribed dwell times to prevent complications such as hyperglycemia or inadequate fluid removal.
• Instruct the client on monitoring blood glucose levels more frequently during peritoneal dialysis, as the glucose content in the dialysate can affect blood sugar control.
• Reinforce the importance of following dietary guidelines for managing diabetes in conjunction with dialysis treatment.
• Ensure the client understands proper techniques for performing exchanges to maintain the effectiveness of the treatment.
• Encourage communication with the healthcare team for adjustments to insulin or antidiabetic medication dosages if hyperglycemia becomes a persistent issue.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Developing an infection. While infection is a potential complication of peritoneal dialysis (e.g., peritonitis), it is not directly related to adhering to dwell times. Infection is more likely caused by contamination during catheter handling or exchanges.

Retaining excess fluid. Retaining excess fluid can occur if dwell times are insufficient, as there may not be enough time for fluid and waste to diffuse into the dialysate. However, the question emphasizes prolonged dwell times, which are more likely to cause glucose reabsorption and hyperglycemia.

Developing disequilibrium syndrome. Disequilibrium syndrome is associated with hemodialysis, not peritoneal dialysis. It occurs due to rapid changes in fluid and electrolyte balance, particularly in patients with very high uremia levels. It is not related to prolonged dwell times in peritoneal dialysis.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Headache, declining consciousness, and muscle twitching. Disequilibrium syndrome is a rare but serious complication that can occur in clients newly started on hemodialysis. It results from the rapid removal of urea and other solutes from the blood during dialysis, which causes an osmotic gradient between the blood and the brain. This osmotic gradient leads to the movement of water into brain cells, causing cerebral edema. Signs and symptoms of disequilibrium syndrome include headache, declining level of consciousness (e.g., confusion, drowsiness, seizures, or coma), nausea, vomiting, and muscle twitching or cramps. These symptoms reflect the neurological impact of cerebral edema and are key indicators for the nurse to monitor during and after the first few dialysis sessions.

During hemodialysis, waste products like urea are removed rapidly from the bloodstream. In clients who have very high baseline urea levels (common in those new to dialysis), the rapid reduction of urea in the blood compared to the slower reduction in brain tissue creates an osmotic imbalance. This causes water to shift into the brain cells, resulting in cerebral edema and the associated neurological symptoms.

Imagine a sponge (brain cells) soaked in dirty water (urea in the bloodstream). If you suddenly replace the dirty water with clean water (rapid dialysis), the sponge absorbs more water to balance the concentration difference, causing it to swell. This swelling inside a confined space (the skull) leads to symptoms like headache, confusion, and muscle twitching, which are characteristic of disequilibrium syndrome.

Monitoring and preventing disequilibrium syndrome involve close observation and careful management of dialysis settings:

• Monitor for early signs of disequilibrium syndrome during the first few dialysis sessions, such as headache, confusion, restlessness, or nausea.
• Communicate with the dialysis team to ensure that blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels are reduced slowly, especially in clients with very high baseline BUN.
• Administer prescribed medications, such as antiemetics or anticonvulsants, if symptoms develop.
• Provide supportive care, including oxygen therapy, if cerebral edema compromises oxygenation.
• Reassure the client and family about the symptoms and explain that the risk of disequilibrium syndrome decreases as the body adjusts to dialysis over time.

✘Incorrect answer options:

High blood pressure, increased heart rate, and fever. This is incorrect because these symptoms are more indicative of an infectious process or another complication like sepsis, not disequilibrium syndrome. Disequilibrium syndrome typically presents with neurological symptoms rather than signs of systemic infection.

Low blood pressure, slow heart rate, and low body temperature. This is incorrect because these symptoms suggest hypovolemia or bradycardia, not disequilibrium syndrome. While low blood pressure (hypotension) is a common complication of hemodialysis, it is not specific to disequilibrium syndrome and would not cause the characteristic neurological symptoms.

Restlessness, increased irritability, and overall weakness. While restlessness and irritability may be seen in some cases, these symptoms are nonspecific and are not the hallmark signs of disequilibrium syndrome. The defining symptoms are related to cerebral edema, such as headache, declining consciousness, and muscle twitching.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Positive Trousseau's sign. A positive Trousseau’s sign is a classic indicator of hypocalcemia. This sign is elicited by inflating a blood pressure cuff on the client’s arm above their systolic pressure for 3–5 minutes. In clients with low calcium levels, this triggers carpal spasm (flexion of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints with hyperextension of the fingers and thumb). Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability, making nerve and muscle cells more prone to spontaneous activity, which leads to signs like Trousseau's sign and Chvostek's sign (facial muscle twitching when the facial nerve is tapped).

In renal failure, hypocalcemia occurs due to impaired activation of vitamin D by the kidneys, which reduces calcium absorption in the intestines. Additionally, hyperphosphatemia (common in renal failure) binds to calcium in the bloodstream, further lowering serum calcium levels.

Calcium plays a vital role in nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and bone health. In hypocalcemia, the reduced calcium levels increase excitability in nerves and muscles, causing clinical manifestations such as muscle spasms, paresthesias, and tetany.

Imagine a wire (nerve) that becomes overly sensitive due to a lack of insulation (calcium). Even small signals cause exaggerated reactions, like the muscle spasms seen in hypocalcemia.

When caring for a client with suspected or confirmed hypocalcemia, nurses should prioritize identifying and managing the underlying cause and preventing complications:

• Monitor the client for additional signs of hypocalcemia, such as Chvostek’s sign, tetany, and laryngospasms.
• Administer calcium supplements (oral or intravenous) as prescribed to correct the deficit.
• Educate the client on dietary sources of calcium, such as dairy products, fortified foods, and green leafy vegetables, if not restricted due to renal failure.
• Monitor phosphorus levels and administer phosphate binders as prescribed to manage hyperphosphatemia, which can contribute to hypocalcemia.
• Assess for symptoms of other electrolyte imbalances (e.g., magnesium or potassium) that may coexist with hypocalcemia in renal failure.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Decreased deep tendon reflexes. This is incorrect because decreased deep tendon reflexes are typically associated with hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) or conditions like hypermagnesemia. Hypocalcemia generally causes increased neuromuscular excitability and hyperactive reflexes.

Hypertension. While hypertension is common in clients with renal failure, it is not a direct sign of hypocalcemia. Hypocalcemia is more likely to cause symptoms related to neuromuscular excitability rather than changes in blood pressure.

Facial flushing. Facial flushing is not associated with hypocalcemia. It may occur in other conditions, such as autonomic dysregulation or during episodes of hypermagnesemia or reactions to certain medications.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

“I’ll take it with meals and at bedtime snacks.”  Aluminum hydroxide gel is a phosphate binder commonly prescribed for clients with chronic renal failure to reduce serum phosphorus levels. The medication works by binding dietary phosphorus in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing its absorption into the bloodstream. To maximize its effectiveness, the medication should be taken with meals and snacks when phosphorus is being ingested, ensuring it binds to the phosphorus in food. Taking it at these times optimizes its action and prevents hyperphosphatemia.

Clients with chronic renal failure have impaired phosphorus excretion due to reduced kidney function, leading to hyperphosphatemia. Excess phosphorus binds calcium, causing a drop in calcium levels, stimulating the parathyroid glands to release parathyroid hormone (PTH). This condition, called secondary hyperparathyroidism, can lead to bone demineralization and renal osteodystrophy. Aluminum hydroxide prevents this by reducing dietary phosphorus absorption.

Imagine using a sponge to soak up a spill. You need to place the sponge right where the spill occurs for it to work effectively. Similarly, taking aluminum hydroxide with meals and snacks allows it to “soak up” the phosphorus from food as it is digested.

Nurses should emphasize the importance of proper timing to ensure aluminum hydroxide is effective in managing phosphorus levels.

• Instruct the client to take aluminum hydroxide gel immediately before or with meals and snacks to bind dietary phosphorus effectively.
• Educate the client about foods high in phosphorus (e.g., dairy, nuts, processed foods) and the need to avoid excessive intake.
• Monitor the client’s serum phosphorus and calcium levels regularly to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment.
• Warn the client about potential side effects, such as constipation or aluminum toxicity with prolonged use.
• Reinforce adherence to the prescribed schedule to avoid fluctuations in serum phosphorus levels.

✘Incorrect answer options:

“I’ll take it every 4 hours, even during the night.” Aluminum hydroxide is not meant to be taken around the clock or during the night. Its purpose is to bind phosphorus from food, so taking it without eating offers no benefit.

“I’ll take it between meals and at bedtime.” Taking aluminum hydroxide between meals does not effectively bind dietary phosphorus because there is no significant phosphorus intake during these times. Its primary role is to act on phosphorus consumed with food.

“I’ll use it when my stomach feels sour.” Aluminum hydroxide can act as an antacid to relieve gastric hyperacidity, but this is not its primary purpose in chronic renal failure. Clients should take it consistently with meals, not only when experiencing symptoms like sour stomach.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

After the client returns from dialysis.  The nurse should administer enalapril (Vasotec), an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, after the client returns from hemodialysis. Hemodialysis removes water-soluble substances from the bloodstream, including certain medications like enalapril. Administering the medication after dialysis ensures that its therapeutic effects are not diminished by dialysis and that the client receives the intended benefits of the medication, such as blood pressure control and protection of renal function.

Enalapril, like many other water-soluble medications, can be cleared from the bloodstream during dialysis because it is not protein-bound. Administering the drug before or during dialysis would result in significant loss of the medication, reducing its effectiveness. Administering it post-dialysis ensures the medication remains in the circulation to exert its intended effects.

Imagine packing a suitcase for a trip, only to have airport security remove most of the items during a bag inspection (like dialysis "removes" substances from the blood). If you wait until after the inspection to pack the suitcase, all your belongings stay intact and ready for the trip. Similarly, administering enalapril after dialysis ensures the medication remains in the body to provide its therapeutic effects.

The timing of medication administration is critical for clients undergoing dialysis to maximize therapeutic effects and minimize unnecessary loss of medications.

• Administer water-soluble medications, such as enalapril, after dialysis to ensure therapeutic levels in the bloodstream.
• Collaborate with the healthcare provider and pharmacist to review the client’s medication regimen for drugs that may be cleared during dialysis.
• Monitor the client’s blood pressure before and after administering antihypertensive medications, particularly after dialysis, as hypotension can occur.
• Educate the client about the purpose and timing of medications in relation to dialysis sessions.
• Document the time of medication administration and any relevant assessments, such as blood pressure readings and dialysis outcomes.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Immediately before the dialysis session. Administering enalapril before dialysis is inappropriate because the medication would be filtered out of the bloodstream during the treatment, reducing its effectiveness.

During the dialysis treatment. Medications are generally not administered during dialysis unless specifically indicated (e.g., certain IV medications). Enalapril would still be removed by the dialysis process, rendering it ineffective.

The following day after dialysis. Delaying administration until the next day would disrupt the client’s prescribed medication schedule and may lead to inadequate blood pressure control or loss of the protective effects of enalapril on renal and cardiovascular systems.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

It provides greater independence for the client.  Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is often chosen for its ability to provide clients with greater independence compared to traditional hemodialysis. CAPD allows clients to perform dialysis exchanges manually at home or in other settings without needing to visit a dialysis center multiple times a week. The flexibility of this schedule enables clients to integrate treatment into their daily routines, allowing them to maintain an active lifestyle, work, or travel. This autonomy and improved quality of life are key advantages for clients considering CAPD.

CAPD uses the peritoneal membrane as a filter to remove waste products, excess fluid, and toxins from the blood through diffusion and osmosis. Dialysate is infused into the peritoneal cavity, left to dwell for several hours, and then drained, with these exchanges repeated 4–5 times a day. The process is slower than hemodialysis but provides consistent and gentle toxin removal, making it suitable for clients managing dialysis at home.

Imagine having a water filter at home that you can use at your convenience instead of relying on a centralized water treatment facility. Similarly, CAPD allows clients to manage dialysis at home on their own schedule, giving them more freedom and independence compared to in-center treatments.

When educating clients about CAPD, nurses should emphasize its advantages while also discussing the responsibilities involved in managing this treatment at home.

• Explain the benefits of independence, flexibility, and the ability to avoid frequent trips to a dialysis center.
• Teach the client proper aseptic techniques to prevent peritonitis, a major complication of CAPD.
• Discuss the importance of adhering to the prescribed dialysis schedule and reporting any abnormalities, such as cloudy effluent or abdominal pain, immediately.
• Encourage the client to integrate exchanges into their daily routine, such as performing them before meals or bedtime, for convenience.
• Provide emotional support and resources to help the client adapt to the demands of managing CAPD independently.

✘Incorrect answer options:

It is a more affordable treatment option. CAPD is not necessarily more affordable than other dialysis methods. While it avoids the cost of traveling to a dialysis center, the supplies and equipment required for CAPD may offset this benefit. Cost considerations depend on insurance coverage and individual circumstances.

It works faster and more efficiently than traditional peritoneal dialysis. CAPD is slower than hemodialysis in removing waste and fluid because it operates on the principle of continuous, gentle exchange rather than rapid filtration. This slower process is beneficial for maintaining steady fluid and electrolyte levels but does not make CAPD faster or more efficient.

It carries fewer risks for complications compared to standard peritoneal dialysis. CAPD does not inherently carry fewer risks than other peritoneal dialysis methods. The primary risks, such as peritonitis or catheter-related issues, remain the same and require diligent attention to infection prevention and catheter care.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Risk of exsanguination.  The most serious complication associated with an arteriovenous (AV) shunt is the risk of exsanguination, or life-threatening blood loss, which can occur if the shunt is accidentally dislodged or damaged. An AV shunt connects an artery and a vein, creating a high-pressure system with significant blood flow to support dialysis. If the shunt is disrupted, blood can flow rapidly out of the body, leading to severe hemorrhage and hypovolemic shock. This makes proper care, secure placement, and regular monitoring of the AV shunt essential to prevent this potentially fatal complication.

An AV shunt redirects high-pressure arterial blood flow directly into a vein, bypassing capillary beds, to provide adequate blood flow for dialysis. However, this high-pressure system increases the risk of rapid blood loss if the shunt or its connections are compromised. Careful handling of the shunt and education on its protection are critical in reducing this risk.

Imagine a high-pressure water hose connected to a faucet. If the hose becomes detached or leaks, water will spray uncontrollably, wasting large amounts of water. Similarly, an AV shunt under high blood pressure can lead to uncontrollable bleeding if disrupted.

To prevent and manage complications related to AV shunts, especially the risk of exsanguination, nurses must take proactive steps.

• Inspect the shunt site regularly for signs of bleeding, damage, or infection.
• Ensure that clamps or other devices are readily available to control bleeding in case of shunt dislodgement or rupture.
• Teach the client and caregivers how to protect the AV shunt from trauma, such as avoiding heavy lifting or wearing tight clothing near the site.
• Instruct the client to immediately report signs of bleeding, shunt malfunction, or a loss of bruit or thrill, which indicate shunt patency.
• Document findings related to shunt assessment, including the presence of a bruit (using a stethoscope) and thrill (felt by palpation), which confirm adequate blood flow through the shunt.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Development of septicemia. While infection (such as septicemia) is a potential complication of AV shunts, it is not as immediately life-threatening as exsanguination. Proper aseptic technique during dialysis and regular monitoring of the site can reduce the risk of infection.

Formation of blood clots. Blood clot formation can occur in AV shunts and result in decreased blood flow or shunt failure, but it is not as critical as the risk of exsanguination. Blood clotting issues are often addressed through anticoagulant therapy or surgical intervention if needed.

Vessel sclerosis. Vessel sclerosis (narrowing or hardening of the vessel) is a long-term complication of AV shunts and may lead to shunt failure, requiring revision or the creation of a new access site. While concerning, it does not pose the immediate life-threatening risk associated with exsanguination.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Contact the physician immediately. The client’s symptoms of headache, nausea, and extreme restlessness after hemodialysis are concerning for dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS), a potentially life-threatening complication of hemodialysis. DDS occurs due to the rapid removal of urea and other solutes from the blood during dialysis, creating an osmotic gradient between the blood and brain. This causes cerebral edema (swelling of brain cells), leading to neurological symptoms such as headache, nausea, restlessness, confusion, seizures, or even coma. Nurse Rachel should treat this situation as a medical emergency and contact the physician immediately to initiate prompt intervention, which may include slowing future dialysis treatments or administering hypertonic saline, mannitol, or other supportive measures to reduce cerebral edema.

Rapid removal of solutes during hemodialysis decreases the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level, but urea clearance from the brain occurs more slowly. This creates an osmotic gradient that causes water to shift into brain cells, resulting in cerebral edema. Risk factors include high initial BUN levels, being new to dialysis, or overly aggressive dialysis sessions.

Imagine draining water from a tank (bloodstream) too quickly while the connected pipes (brain) still have water. The pressure imbalance causes backflow into the pipes, making them swell. In DDS, the brain "swells" due to the rapid pressure difference.

Early recognition and intervention are critical to managing dialysis disequilibrium syndrome:

• Contact the physician immediately to report the client’s symptoms and receive further orders.
• Monitor the client for worsening symptoms, such as confusion, seizures, or declining consciousness.
• Ensure emergency equipment, such as oxygen and seizure precautions, is readily available.
• Collaborate with the dialysis team to adjust future treatments, such as reducing the rate of solute removal or shortening dialysis sessions.
• Educate the client and family about the symptoms of DDS and the importance of reporting them immediately.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Closely monitor the client’s condition. While monitoring is essential, it is insufficient in this case. The symptoms suggest a serious complication requiring immediate medical intervention to prevent progression to seizures or coma.

Raise the head of the bed for comfort. This action may help alleviate nausea or discomfort but does not address the underlying cause of the symptoms. Without treatment, cerebral edema may worsen.

Administer prescribed anti-nausea medication. While anti-nausea medication may provide temporary relief, it does not address the cause of the symptoms and may delay critical treatment for dialysis disequilibrium syndrome.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Frequently checking the client’s understanding of the material presented.  Clients with chronic renal failure may experience neurological effects from uremia, such as difficulty concentrating, memory impairment, or confusion. These symptoms can affect the client’s ability to process and retain new information. By frequently checking the client’s understanding, Nurse Ellen ensures that the teaching is effective, identifies any areas of confusion, and adjusts the pace or content of the session accordingly. This interactive approach helps to reinforce learning and promotes better client engagement despite the cognitive challenges posed by uremia.

Uremia, a condition resulting from the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood due to impaired kidney function, can have neurotoxic effects. These effects can lead to encephalopathy, characterized by confusion, reduced attention span, and memory problems. These symptoms make it essential for teaching to be delivered in small, manageable portions with frequent assessments of understanding.

Imagine trying to teach someone how to assemble furniture while they’re distracted or tired. Breaking the instructions into smaller steps and asking them to repeat back what they’ve learned ensures they understand before moving on to the next step. Similarly, frequent checks during education sessions help clients with cognitive challenges retain information more effectively.

Teaching strategies for clients with cognitive challenges should be tailored to their specific needs and abilities.

• Divide information into short, manageable sections and avoid overwhelming the client with too much material at once.
• Use simple language and visual aids to enhance understanding, ensuring that the material is presented clearly.
• Ask open-ended questions or have the client repeat key points to confirm their understanding.
• Provide written instructions or handouts for later reference, as memory problems may impair recall of verbal instructions.
• Engage family members or caregivers in the teaching process to reinforce education and provide additional support.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Delivering all the necessary information in a single, extended session. Providing all the material in one long session is not effective for clients with uremia, as their ability to concentrate and retain information is often impaired. Long sessions may lead to cognitive overload and diminished retention of critical information.

Holding an individualized, one-on-one teaching session. While individualized teaching is important and beneficial, it is not the most effective strategy alone for addressing the neurological effects of uremia. Frequent checks for understanding must accompany individualized teaching to ensure that the client comprehends the material.

Utilizing videotapes to reinforce the content as needed. Videotapes or other visual aids can be useful supplementary tools, but they should not replace active engagement or interactive teaching. Clients with cognitive challenges may still require frequent clarification and feedback to ensure understanding.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Through osmosis and diffusion. Hemodialysis works by utilizing two key processes: osmosis and diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of solutes (e.g., urea, creatinine, potassium) from an area of higher concentration in the blood to an area of lower concentration in the dialysate. This occurs across a semipermeable membrane, which only allows small particles to pass through, while retaining larger components like blood cells and proteins. Osmosis involves the movement of water from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration to balance fluid levels. Together, these processes ensure the effective removal of waste products and excess fluids from the blood, while maintaining the balance of electrolytes and other substances.

The semipermeable membrane in the dialysis machine mimics the natural filtering function of the kidneys. It separates the blood from the dialysate, a solution designed to facilitate the removal of waste products and regulate electrolytes. The exchange of particles and water is driven by concentration gradients and osmotic pressure, which are carefully managed to maintain homeostasis.

Imagine dialysis as a tea bag steeping in water. The tea (waste products) moves from the tea bag (blood) into the surrounding water (dialysate) because of the concentration gradient, similar to diffusion. If you added more water to dilute the tea, it would represent osmosis balancing the water content.

Educating the patient about the hemodialysis process and preparing them for treatment involves explaining how osmosis and diffusion function to remove waste and excess fluids. The nurse should also provide guidelines for care before, during, and after dialysis to minimize complications and improve patient comfort:

• Explain to the patient that diffusion removes toxins and waste products while osmosis balances water levels in the blood.
• Ensure the patient understands the importance of dietary restrictions, particularly regarding potassium, sodium, and fluid intake.
• Monitor the patient's vital signs and fluid status before and after dialysis sessions.
• Teach the patient how to care for the dialysis access site to prevent infection and complications.
• Encourage open communication about symptoms such as fatigue, cramping, or dizziness during or after treatment.

✘Incorrect answer options:

By fluid moving toward a solution with lower solute concentration. This is incorrect because osmosis typically involves water moving from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. In hemodialysis, water removal occurs due to osmotic and hydrostatic pressure gradients.

By permitting blood cells and protein molecules to pass through. This is incorrect because the semipermeable membrane in the dialysis machine is designed to prevent the passage of larger molecules, such as blood cells and proteins, to avoid their loss from the bloodstream.

By solutes moving toward a solution with a higher concentration. This is incorrect because diffusion involves solutes moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. The direction of movement described here contradicts the basic principles of diffusion.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

“Diet restrictions with CAPD are fewer than with standard peritoneal dialysis because dialysis occurs continuously.”  Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) allows for fewer dietary restrictions compared to standard hemodialysis because the dialysis process occurs continuously, rather than three times a week. This continuous removal of waste products, electrolytes, and excess fluid helps maintain a more stable internal environment, making it easier to manage dietary intake. For example, clients on CAPD generally have fewer restrictions on potassium and fluid intake compared to clients on hemodialysis, who are at greater risk for fluid overload and hyperkalemia due to the intermittent nature of their treatment.

In CAPD, waste products and electrolytes are removed throughout the day via multiple exchanges, preventing the accumulation of toxins such as urea and potassium. This continuous process helps minimize sharp fluctuations in fluid and electrolyte levels, allowing clients to have more dietary flexibility while still maintaining adequate control of their condition.

Imagine cleaning a house. If you clean a little bit every day (like CAPD), it’s easier to keep the house in good shape, and you have more freedom to relax. But if you only clean once a week (like standard hemodialysis), the house becomes very messy in between, and you have to work harder to catch up. Similarly, CAPD’s continuous nature keeps waste levels in check, leading to fewer dietary restrictions.

Nurses should educate clients on how CAPD affects dietary needs and help them make informed choices to maintain their health.

• Explain that CAPD allows for fewer restrictions on potassium and fluid intake but emphasize the importance of following individualized dietary recommendations.
• Encourage clients to maintain a balanced diet with adequate calories and high-quality protein to prevent malnutrition, as protein losses are higher with CAPD.
• Teach clients to monitor their weight and report signs of fluid overload, such as swelling or shortness of breath, even with fewer fluid restrictions.
• Advise clients to limit sodium intake to avoid unnecessary fluid retention, which can still occur with CAPD.
• Collaborate with a dietitian to develop a personalized meal plan based on the client’s lab values and overall health status.

✘Incorrect answer options:

“Diet restrictions are stricter with CAPD because standard peritoneal dialysis is more effective.” This statement is incorrect because CAPD is effective at continuously removing waste products, which allows for fewer dietary restrictions compared to standard hemodialysis.

“Diet restrictions are the same for CAPD and standard peritoneal dialysis.” Diet restrictions differ between CAPD and standard hemodialysis due to the continuous nature of CAPD. Clients on CAPD generally have fewer restrictions on fluid and potassium intake.

“Diet restrictions with CAPD are fewer than with standard peritoneal dialysis because CAPD works faster.” CAPD does not work faster than other dialysis methods; it works more slowly but continuously, which stabilizes fluid and electrolyte levels. The continuous nature of CAPD, not speed, is why dietary restrictions are fewer.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Regularly monitor the client’s blood pressure.  Monitoring blood pressure is a critical intervention during dialysis therapy to ensure the client’s safety and well-being. Hemodialysis can cause rapid fluid shifts, which may lead to hypotension (due to excessive fluid removal) or hypertension (due to inadequate fluid removal). Regular blood pressure monitoring allows the nurse to detect and manage complications promptly. For example, if the client becomes hypotensive, the nurse may need to decrease the rate of fluid removal, administer fluids, or place the client in a Trendelenburg position.

During dialysis, large volumes of fluid and solutes are removed from the client’s bloodstream, which can cause hemodynamic instability. Blood pressure monitoring ensures that fluid removal is being tolerated and that the client’s cardiovascular system remains stable. Early detection of blood pressure changes is essential to prevent complications such as shock, syncope, or cardiac events.

Imagine a water filtration system that adjusts water pressure while filtering. If the pressure drops too low, the system stops working effectively, and if it rises too high, it can cause damage to the system. Regularly checking and adjusting the pressure ensures the filtration process runs smoothly and safely. Similarly, monitoring blood pressure during dialysis ensures the client tolerates the fluid removal process and prevents complications like hypotension or hypertension.

In addition to blood pressure monitoring, other safety measures should be implemented to ensure the client’s well-being during dialysis therapy.

• Monitor the client’s blood pressure before, during, and after dialysis to detect and respond to hemodynamic changes.
• Assess for symptoms of hypotension (e.g., dizziness, lightheadedness, nausea) and take corrective action as needed.
• Monitor for signs of fluid overload (e.g., hypertension, shortness of breath, edema) to ensure that the dialysis session is achieving the desired fluid removal.
• Educate the client about reporting any symptoms such as chest pain, cramping, or dizziness during the session.
• Ensure the client is positioned comfortably during dialysis to promote circulation and reduce the risk of complications.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Restrict the number of visitors for the client. While limiting visitors may be helpful in preventing infection in some settings, it is not a priority nursing intervention during dialysis. Infection control is better achieved through aseptic technique and monitoring of the dialysis equipment.

Add padding to the bed’s side rails. Adding padding to side rails is primarily done to protect clients who are at risk of seizures or injury due to falls. This intervention is not directly related to the care of a client undergoing dialysis therapy, as there is no increased risk of seizures associated with dialysis.

Maintain the client on NPO status. Clients undergoing dialysis do not typically need to be kept NPO unless they are undergoing a procedure that requires it. In fact, maintaining hydration and nutritional status is important, and the diet should be tailored to the client’s fluid and electrolyte needs as prescribed by the healthcare provider.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Grilled chicken with white rice. Grilled chicken with white rice is an appropriate choice for a client on a low-potassium diet, as both foods are naturally low in potassium. Clients with conditions such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) often need to follow a low-potassium diet because their kidneys cannot effectively excrete potassium. High potassium levels (hyperkalemia) can lead to dangerous complications, such as cardiac dysrhythmias. White rice and lean protein like grilled chicken are low-potassium options that fit well within these dietary restrictions.

Foods such as bananas, spinach, potatoes, and salmon are high in potassium and should be limited or avoided in a low-potassium diet. By choosing grilled chicken and white rice, the client demonstrates an understanding of how to manage potassium intake appropriately.

Think of your body as a sink with a slow drain (kidneys). If you add too much water (potassium), the sink overflows, leading to complications. Choosing low-potassium foods is like pouring less water into the sink, helping prevent overflow.

Nurses should educate clients on identifying low-potassium foods and avoiding high-potassium options to effectively manage dietary restrictions:

• Encourage the client to choose lean proteins (e.g., chicken, turkey) and grains (e.g., rice, pasta) that are low in potassium.
• Teach the client to avoid high-potassium fruits (e.g., bananas, oranges) and vegetables (e.g., potatoes, spinach) or use methods like leaching to reduce potassium content in certain vegetables.
• Provide the client with a list of foods categorized as low, moderate, and high in potassium to simplify dietary planning.
• Stress the importance of reading food labels to monitor potassium content in packaged or processed foods.
• Collaborate with a dietitian to create a balanced meal plan that meets the client’s nutritional needs while adhering to restrictions.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Baked salmon with a side of spinach. This is incorrect because both salmon and spinach are high in potassium. Salmon contains approximately 300–400 mg of potassium per serving, and spinach (especially cooked) is a potassium-rich vegetable.

Baked potato with sour cream. This is incorrect because baked potatoes are one of the highest potassium-containing foods, with over 900 mg of potassium per medium potato. Even with leaching (soaking and boiling), the potassium content remains high.

Banana smoothie with almond milk. This is incorrect because bananas are very high in potassium, with about 400–450 mg per medium banana. While almond milk is generally low in potassium compared to cow’s milk, the banana makes this option unsuitable for a low-potassium diet.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Stop the dialysis immediately and alert the physician.  The client is exhibiting classic signs of an air embolism, a medical emergency that can occur during hemodialysis when air enters the bloodstream. Nurse Paul should immediately stop the dialysis to prevent further air from being introduced into the system. This action helps to minimize the risk of additional complications. The nurse should then place the client in the left lateral Trendelenburg position to trap the air bubble in the right atrium and prevent it from traveling to the pulmonary arteries, which could cause a pulmonary embolism. After stabilizing the client, the nurse should alert the physician immediately for further intervention.

An air embolism occurs when air enters the vascular system, creating an obstruction in blood flow. This can compromise oxygen delivery to vital organs, particularly the lungs and brain. Signs and symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, anxiety, tachycardia, hypotension, and pallor. Prompt action is critical to prevent cardiovascular collapse or respiratory failure.

Imagine a pipe carrying water that suddenly gets an air bubble inside. The air disrupts the flow of water and causes blockages. Similarly, an air embolism in the bloodstream obstructs blood flow, and immediate intervention is needed to stop more air from entering and to redirect the bubble safely.

Managing an air embolism requires swift action to stabilize the client and prevent further harm.

• Stop the dialysis immediately to prevent further air from entering the client’s bloodstream.
• Position the client in the left lateral Trendelenburg position (lying on the left side with the head lower than the feet) to trap the air in the right atrium and prevent it from traveling to the lungs.
• Administer oxygen via a non-rebreather mask to improve oxygenation and decrease the effects of hypoxemia.
• Call for immediate medical assistance and notify the physician for further orders, which may include imaging studies or hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
• Monitor the client’s vital signs closely for changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory status.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Check for air in the lines and continue dialysis at a slower rate. Continuing dialysis while slowing the rate is inappropriate in the case of an air embolism. The priority is to stop the dialysis immediately to prevent further air entry, not to continue the procedure.

Monitor the client’s vital signs every 15 minutes for one hour. While monitoring vital signs is important, it is not sufficient as the sole action in an air embolism situation. The nurse must stop dialysis, position the client appropriately, and provide oxygen to address the immediate life-threatening issue.

Administer a 500 mL normal saline bolus to dissolve the air embolism. Administering normal saline will not dissolve the air embolism and may worsen the client’s condition by contributing to fluid overload or delaying proper treatment. The priority is to stop the dialysis and trap the air embolism by positioning the client correctly.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Polyuria. In the early stages of chronic renal failure (CRF), the kidneys lose their ability to concentrate urine due to damage to the nephrons. This results in polyuria (increased urine output), particularly at night (nocturia). Although overall kidney function is declining, the remaining functional nephrons work less efficiently and produce large amounts of dilute urine. This stage is often referred to as the diminished renal reserve phase or the early compensatory phase of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Clients may also experience symptoms such as mild fatigue or electrolyte imbalances but often remain asymptomatic until the disease progresses.

Chronic renal failure is a progressive loss of kidney function over time. In the early stages, while nephron damage has begun, the kidneys can still produce urine but cannot reabsorb water and solutes efficiently. This leads to increased urine output (polyuria). As the disease progresses to later stages, urine output typically decreases (oliguria or anuria) as more nephrons are lost.

Think of the kidneys as a leaky water filter. In the early stage, the filter allows too much water (urine) to pass through without properly cleaning or concentrating it. Later, the filter becomes clogged, reducing the flow of water altogether.

When caring for a client in the early stages of chronic renal failure, the nurse should focus on monitoring and educating the client about symptom management and progression of the disease:

• Monitor urine output and characteristics (e.g., volume, frequency, color) to detect changes as the disease progresses.
• Assess for signs of nocturia and educate the client on strategies to manage nighttime disturbances, such as limiting fluid intake in the evening.
• Monitor electrolyte levels (e.g., sodium, potassium) and signs of fluid imbalance, as polyuria may lead to dehydration or electrolyte imbalances.
• Encourage adherence to prescribed treatments, including dietary modifications and medications, to slow disease progression.
• Educate the client about the stages of chronic kidney disease and the importance of regular follow-up to monitor kidney function (e.g., glomerular filtration rate).

✘Incorrect answer options:

Polydipsia: While polydipsia (excessive thirst) may occur as a compensatory response to polyuria, it is not a primary feature of chronic renal failure. Polyuria is the direct result of nephron damage in early-stage CRF.

Oliguria: Oliguria (reduced urine output) occurs in the later stages of chronic renal failure (e.g., Stage 4 or 5), when nephron function is severely compromised, and the kidneys are unable to produce sufficient urine.

Anuria: Anuria (complete lack of urine production) is typically seen in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or acute renal failure, not in the early stages of chronic renal failure.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Pallor, weakened pulse, and pain in the left hand. Steal syndrome is a complication of arteriovenous (AV) fistulas caused by insufficient arterial blood flow to the distal extremity (e.g., the hand) due to blood being diverted ("stolen") into the fistula for dialysis. Clinical manifestations of steal syndrome include pallor, a weakened or absent pulse distal to the fistula, coolness, pain, and sometimes numbness or tingling in the affected hand. These symptoms occur because the distal tissues are not receiving adequate oxygenated blood, leading to ischemia. Early detection and intervention are essential to prevent permanent damage to the tissues.

The AV fistula creates a connection between a high-pressure artery and a low-pressure vein, which increases blood flow through the vein for dialysis access. However, in some cases, the fistula diverts so much blood from the artery that it impairs blood flow to the distal extremity. This ischemia leads to the symptoms of steal syndrome, particularly pallor, pain, and diminished pulses.

Imagine a river (artery) that splits into two streams: one leads to a village (the hand) and the other to a water treatment plant (the fistula). If most of the water is diverted to the plant, the village doesn’t get enough water, leading to dryness (ischemia) and suffering (pain).

When monitoring a client with an AV fistula for signs of steal syndrome, the nurse should focus on identifying ischemic symptoms and taking appropriate action:

• Assess the hand distal to the fistula for pallor, coolness, diminished capillary refill, and decreased or absent pulses.
• Ask the client about symptoms of pain, numbness, or tingling in the hand, particularly during dialysis sessions.
• Monitor for worsening ischemia, such as cyanosis or tissue necrosis, which requires immediate intervention.
• Notify the healthcare provider promptly if steal syndrome is suspected, as surgical revision of the fistula may be necessary.
• Educate the client to report new or worsening symptoms, such as coldness, pain, or changes in skin color, immediately.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Warmth, redness, and pain in the left hand. These symptoms suggest infection or inflammation, not steal syndrome. Steal syndrome is associated with ischemic symptoms such as pallor and coolness, not warmth or redness.

Swelling and reddish discoloration of the left arm. These symptoms indicate venous congestion or vascular access complications, such as thrombosis or infection, but they are not characteristic of steal syndrome.

Aching pain, pale skin, and swelling in the left arm. While pale skin and aching pain are symptoms of steal syndrome, swelling is not typically associated with this condition. Swelling may indicate other issues, such as venous obstruction or fluid overload.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Replace the dressing with a clean, dry one.  When the dressing around a peritoneal dialysis catheter becomes wet, it creates an ideal environment for bacterial growth, increasing the risk of infection, particularly peritonitis. The nurse’s priority is to immediately replace the wet dressing with a clean, dry one using sterile technique. This intervention helps protect the catheter site and reduces the risk of contamination or infection, which can lead to severe complications in clients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.

The peritoneal dialysis catheter provides direct access to the peritoneal cavity, which is a sterile environment. If the dressing becomes wet, microorganisms can migrate into the catheter site, potentially causing infections like peritonitis. A clean, dry dressing acts as a barrier to external contaminants and prevents moisture, which facilitates bacterial proliferation.

Imagine a bandage on a cut as a shield protecting the wound from dirt and germs. If the bandage gets soaked, it no longer protects the wound and instead creates a damp environment where bacteria can thrive. Replacing the wet bandage with a fresh, dry one immediately restores the protective barrier and prevents infection—just like changing a wet catheter dressing safeguards the peritoneal site from harmful bacteria.

Nurses should act promptly and follow strict infection control practices when addressing a wet catheter dressing to prevent complications.

• Remove the wet dressing immediately and discard it to eliminate a potential source of infection.
• Perform hand hygiene and use sterile gloves to replace the dressing using aseptic technique.
• Inspect the catheter site for signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or drainage, and report any abnormalities to the healthcare provider.
• Educate the client on proper hygiene and dressing care to prevent future incidents, such as avoiding soaking the dressing while bathing.
• Document the dressing change, including the condition of the site and any client education provided.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Add more dressing material to reinforce it. Adding more dressing material does not address the wetness or remove the contamination risk. It could trap moisture against the skin and catheter site, further increasing the risk of infection.

Flush the peritoneal dialysis catheter. Flushing the catheter is not an appropriate action in this scenario. The issue is with the dressing, not the catheter itself, and flushing the catheter does not address the immediate risk of infection from the wet dressing.

Clean the catheter thoroughly with povidone-iodine. Cleaning the catheter with povidone-iodine without replacing the wet dressing is insufficient. The wet dressing needs to be removed to eliminate the source of contamination, and a clean, dry dressing must be applied to protect the site.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Cloudy appearance of the dialysate fluid.  The most significant indicator of peritoneal infection (peritonitis) is the cloudy appearance of the dialysate fluid when drained. Normally, the effluent from peritoneal dialysis should be clear or slightly straw-colored. Cloudiness indicates the presence of white blood cells, bacteria, or other inflammatory substances in the peritoneal cavity, which is a hallmark of peritonitis. Peritonitis is a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis and requires prompt intervention, such as culturing the dialysate and starting antibiotic therapy.

Peritonitis occurs when pathogens enter the sterile peritoneal cavity, often due to contamination during exchanges or catheter-related infections. The inflammatory response leads to increased permeability of the peritoneal membrane and the accumulation of immune cells in the dialysate, giving it a cloudy appearance. Additional symptoms, such as abdominal pain, fever, or nausea, may also occur.

Imagine a glass of clear water representing normal dialysate. If the water becomes murky or cloudy, it suggests contamination or an issue. Similarly, cloudy dialysate indicates that an infection is present in the peritoneal cavity and needs immediate attention.

When peritonitis is suspected, the nurse must act quickly to prevent complications and reduce the risk of systemic infection.

• Inspect the drained dialysate for clarity during every exchange and document any abnormal findings, such as cloudiness or fibrin strands.
• Obtain a sample of the cloudy dialysate fluid for culture and sensitivity testing to identify the causative organism.
• Monitor the client for additional signs of peritonitis, such as abdominal pain, fever, chills, or rebound tenderness.
• Notify the healthcare provider immediately for further evaluation and orders, such as initiating intraperitoneal or systemic antibiotics.
• Educate the client and caregivers on proper aseptic technique during exchanges to prevent future infections.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Swelling observed in the legs. Swelling in the legs is more commonly associated with fluid overload or inadequate fluid removal during dialysis. While this is a concern in managing fluid balance, it is not a specific indicator of peritoneal infection.

Difficulty in draining the dialysate fluid. Difficulty draining dialysate fluid is often caused by mechanical issues such as catheter malposition, fibrin clots, or poor client positioning. While this needs to be addressed, it does not directly indicate infection unless accompanied by other symptoms like cloudy effluent or fever.

Redness around the catheter insertion site. Redness around the catheter site may indicate a local infection or irritation, but it is not as significant or specific for peritonitis as cloudy dialysate fluid. Local infections can progress to peritonitis if not treated, but cloudy effluent is a direct indicator of an infection in the peritoneal cavity itself.