Anemia in Pregnancy Nursing Management

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Normocytes. In anemia of prematurity, which is common in preterm infants, the anemia is primarily due to a diminished response to erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow. In this condition, the red blood cells produced are generally normal in size and shape, meaning they are normocytic (normocytes). However, the overall production of red blood cells is inadequate, leading to anemia. The anemia results from the combined effects of reduced erythropoiesis, shortened red blood cell lifespan, and blood loss from frequent sampling.

Erythropoietin is produced primarily by the kidneys and stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. In premature infants, particularly those born before 34 weeks of gestation, the kidneys and bone marrow may not respond adequately to erythropoietin, leading to anemia. Despite the reduced production of red blood cells, those that are produced are usually of normal size and shape, hence normocytic. This is why normocytes would most likely be observed on microscopic examination of the red blood cells in infants with anemia of prematurity. The anemia itself is due to the decreased overall number of red blood cells rather than abnormalities in the size or shape of the cells.

Imagine a factory that produces widgets (red blood cells). In anemia of prematurity, the factory is producing fewer widgets, but the ones that are made are still perfectly shaped and functional (normocytes). The problem is the quantity, not the quality.

Nurse Carol should focus on closely monitoring the infant’s hemoglobin levels, oxygenation status, and overall growth and development. The management may include minimizing blood draws, providing nutritional support (including iron and vitamin E supplementation), and in some cases, administering erythropoietin or considering blood transfusions if necessary. Education for the family on the condition and its management is also crucial.

• Monitor the infant’s hemoglobin and hematocrit levels regularly.
• Implement measures to minimize blood loss from frequent laboratory testing, such as using micro-sampling techniques.
• Provide nutritional support, ensuring adequate iron intake, which is critical for red blood cell production.
• Administer erythropoietin or blood transfusions if indicated by the healthcare provider.
• Educate the parents about anemia of prematurity and the potential need for interventions like blood transfusions or medications.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Spherocytes. Spherocytes are abnormally shaped red blood cells that are spherical rather than the typical biconcave shape. These cells are associated with hereditary spherocytosis, not anemia of prematurity.

Target cells. Target cells, or codocytes, are red blood cells that have a bullseye appearance and are typically seen in conditions such as thalassemia, liver disease, or hemoglobinopathies. They are not characteristic of anemia of prematurity.

Macrocytes. Macrocytes are abnormally large red blood cells often seen in conditions like vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anemia. They are not expected in anemia of prematurity, where the red blood cells are typically normocytic.

EXPLANATION

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"Vitamin K will protect the newborn from bleeding." The primary purpose of administering vitamin K to a newborn is to protect the infant from bleeding. Newborns are at risk for vitamin K deficiency because they have low stores of vitamin K at birth, and their immature gut does not have the bacteria needed to produce vitamin K, which is essential for blood clotting. Vitamin K is a crucial factor in the synthesis of clotting factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X in the liver. Without adequate vitamin K, newborns are at risk for a condition called Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB), formerly known as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. VKDB can lead to severe bleeding in various parts of the body, including the brain, which can be life-threatening.

Vitamin K is essential for the activation of clotting factors that are necessary for proper blood coagulation. Newborns are naturally deficient in vitamin K because it does not cross the placenta in sufficient amounts during pregnancy, and breast milk contains only small amounts of vitamin K. The intestinal flora that produces vitamin K does not develop in the newborn's gut until after the first few days of life. This deficiency places newborns at risk for bleeding, particularly in the first week of life. Administering a vitamin K injection immediately after birth ensures that the infant has enough vitamin K to produce clotting factors and prevent VKDB.

Imagine vitamin K as a key that unlocks the body's ability to stop bleeding by activating certain proteins (clotting factors). Without enough keys, the body can’t properly lock the doors, leading to the risk of bleeding through those open doors.

The nurse should ensure that the student nurse understands the critical role of vitamin K in preventing bleeding in newborns. It is also important to explain that vitamin K is typically given as a single intramuscular injection within the first few hours after birth to quickly raise the newborn's vitamin K levels and reduce the risk of VKDB.

• Educate parents about the importance of the vitamin K injection and address any concerns or questions they may have.
• Monitor the newborn for any signs of bleeding or bruising, especially if vitamin K is not administered, though this is rare in modern practice.
• Ensure proper administration technique to minimize discomfort and prevent complications like injection site reactions.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Vitamin K provides active immunity." Vitamin K does not provide immunity or protect against infections. Its role is specific to the activation of clotting factors necessary for blood coagulation.

"Vitamin K will help prevent hyperbilirubinemia." Hyperbilirubinemia, which leads to jaundice, is related to the breakdown of red blood cells and the immaturity of the newborn’s liver in processing bilirubin. Vitamin K does not have a role in preventing hyperbilirubinemia.

"Vitamin K will offer protection against jaundice and anemia." Jaundice is caused by the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood, and anemia is a condition characterized by a low red blood cell count or hemoglobin. Vitamin K does not directly prevent jaundice or anemia; its role is in blood clotting and preventing hemorrhage.

EXPLANATION

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Physiologic anemia. Physiologic anemia is a common condition during the second trimester of pregnancy and is something Nurse Leah should mention to the group of expectant mothers. Physiologic anemia, also known as dilutional anemia, occurs because of the significant increase in plasma volume that outpaces the increase in red blood cell mass during pregnancy. This leads to a decrease in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit, even though the total number of red blood cells increases. This condition is most pronounced during the second trimester when blood volume expansion is at its peak. While physiologic anemia is a normal part of pregnancy, it still requires monitoring to ensure that the hemoglobin levels do not drop to a level where it becomes a true anemia that might need treatment.

During pregnancy, blood volume increases by about 30-50% to meet the needs of the growing fetus and placenta. This increase in blood volume is mainly due to an increase in plasma (the liquid part of blood), which dilutes the concentration of red blood cells, resulting in lower hemoglobin levels. Although the red blood cell mass also increases, it does not keep pace with the increase in plasma volume, leading to what is termed physiologic anemia. This is a normal adaptation to pregnancy but can make pregnant women more prone to iron deficiency anemia if they do not have adequate iron intake.

Imagine pouring more water into a glass of juice. The juice (red blood cells) becomes diluted, even though the total amount of juice hasn’t changed. Similarly, during pregnancy, the blood becomes diluted, leading to lower concentrations of red blood cells (hemoglobin).

Nurse Leah should educate expectant mothers about the importance of maintaining an adequate intake of iron through diet and possibly supplements to support the increased demand for red blood cell production. It’s also important to inform them that while physiologic anemia is common, they should still attend all prenatal appointments where their hemoglobin levels will be monitored to prevent more severe anemia.

• Encourage a diet rich in iron, including foods like red meat, leafy green vegetables, and iron-fortified cereals.
• Discuss the importance of prenatal vitamins that include iron, and suggest taking them with vitamin C to enhance absorption.
• Monitor hemoglobin and hematocrit levels during prenatal visits to ensure they remain within an acceptable range.
• Educate on the signs of true anemia, such as excessive fatigue, dizziness, and pallor, and the importance of reporting these symptoms to their healthcare provider.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Mastitis. Mastitis is an infection of the breast tissue that typically occurs during breastfeeding, not during pregnancy. It is associated with lactation and is unlikely to be a condition encountered in the second trimester of pregnancy.

Metabolic alkalosis. Metabolic alkalosis is a condition characterized by a high pH level in the blood due to an excess of bicarbonate or a loss of acids. This condition is not typically associated with pregnancy, and certainly not as a common condition during the second trimester.

Respiratory acidosis. Respiratory acidosis occurs when there is too much carbon dioxide in the body, leading to a decrease in blood pH. It is usually associated with respiratory issues, not pregnancy, and is not a typical condition encountered during the second trimester.

EXPLANATION

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Postpartum hemorrhage. A pregnant client with anemia, as indicated by low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, is at increased risk for postpartum hemorrhage. Anemia reduces the body's oxygen-carrying capacity, leading to fatigue and decreased overall health. During delivery, the uterus needs to contract effectively to stop bleeding and expel the placenta. If the uterine muscles are not functioning optimally due to anemia, there is a higher risk of uterine atony, where the uterus fails to contract effectively, leading to excessive bleeding or postpartum hemorrhage.

Hemoglobin is essential for oxygen transport in the blood. In anemia, where hemoglobin levels are low, tissues, including the uterus, receive less oxygen. Adequate oxygenation is crucial for the uterine muscles to contract effectively during labor and the postpartum period. If the uterus cannot contract properly after childbirth, it may result in uterine atony, a major cause of postpartum hemorrhage. Uterine atony leads to heavy bleeding because the uterus fails to compress the placental blood vessels, which is necessary to prevent excessive blood loss after delivery.

Imagine the uterus as a sponge that needs to squeeze out water (blood) after birth. If the sponge is weak and can’t squeeze properly due to a lack of energy (oxygen), it won’t be able to stop the flow of water, leading to excessive leakage (hemorrhage).

Nurse Maria should monitor the client closely for signs of excessive bleeding during and after delivery. It is essential to prepare for potential interventions to manage postpartum hemorrhage, such as administering uterotonic medications, performing uterine massage, and ensuring that emergency blood transfusions are available if needed. Additionally, educating the client on the importance of iron supplementation and a diet rich in iron can help improve hemoglobin levels before delivery.

• Monitor the client’s blood loss during labor and delivery, paying close attention to the amount and color of the blood.
• Be prepared to administer uterotonic drugs (e.g., oxytocin) immediately after delivery to promote uterine contractions and reduce the risk of hemorrhage.
• Perform fundal massage regularly to encourage uterine contraction and minimize the risk of uterine atony.
• Ensure the availability of blood products in case a transfusion is needed to manage severe hemorrhage.
• Educate the client on the importance of continuing iron supplementation postpartum to restore iron stores and support recovery.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Preterm labor. While anemia can increase the risk of preterm labor, it is not as directly associated with this condition as it is with postpartum hemorrhage. Preterm labor is typically more closely linked to other factors such as infections, inflammation, or uterine abnormalities.

Gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes is primarily related to glucose metabolism and insulin resistance during pregnancy, and it is not directly caused by anemia. The presence of anemia does not increase the risk of developing gestational diabetes.

Hypertension. Hypertension, including gestational hypertension and preeclampsia, is not directly linked to anemia. While both conditions can complicate pregnancy, the mechanisms behind their development are different, and anemia does not directly cause hypertension.

EXPLANATION

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Implementing infection control precautions. The initial priority in the care plan for a child newly diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) should be implementing infection control precautions. ALL is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, leading to the production of a large number of immature white blood cells (blasts). These abnormal cells crowd out normal cells, leading to a weakened immune system, which significantly increases the risk of infections. Due to this compromised immunity, the child is highly susceptible to infections, which can be life-threatening. Therefore, the first priority is to prevent infections through strict infection control measures.

In ALL, the bone marrow produces an excessive number of immature lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). These lymphoblasts do not function properly and crowd out normal blood cells, including healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. The reduction in functional white blood cells (leukopenia) leaves the body defenseless against infections. The decreased red blood cell count (anemia) and platelets (thrombocytopenia) further complicate the child’s condition, increasing the risks of fatigue, bleeding, and bruising. Infection control is crucial because the child's ability to fight off infections is severely compromised.

Think of the immune system as a fortress protecting a city. In ALL, the fortress walls are weak and full of holes, making it easy for invaders (infections) to enter. Strengthening these walls (infection control) is the top priority to protect the city (the child's health).

Nurse Rachel should focus on creating a safe and sterile environment for the child to minimize the risk of infection. This includes strict hand hygiene, limiting visitors, using protective equipment (e.g., masks, gloves), and monitoring for any signs of infection, such as fever. Educating the family about the importance of these precautions is also essential to ensure they understand and comply with infection prevention strategies.

• Ensure strict adherence to hand hygiene protocols for healthcare workers and visitors.
• Use protective barriers, such as masks and gloves, especially when the child is neutropenic (low neutrophil count).
• Limit visitors and screen them for potential infections (e.g., colds, flu) before allowing contact with the child.
• Regularly monitor the child’s temperature and other vital signs to detect early signs of infection.
• Educate the family on the importance of infection control measures, including proper hygiene practices at home.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Promoting the consumption of iron-rich foods. While good nutrition is important, promoting iron-rich foods is not the initial priority for a child with ALL. Iron supplementation is not a key concern in the early management of leukemia, especially given the more urgent need to prevent infections and manage the side effects of treatment.

Supporting the child and family in coping with a chronic illness. Emotional and psychological support is crucial, but it is not the initial priority in the care plan. Addressing the immediate physical risks, such as preventing infections, takes precedence. Once infection control is established, providing ongoing support to help the family cope with the diagnosis and treatment can be more effectively addressed.

Administering prescribed medications via intramuscular injections. Although administering medications is important, especially chemotherapy or other treatments specific to ALL, it is not the first priority. Furthermore, intramuscular injections are generally avoided in children with ALL due to the risk of bleeding (because of thrombocytopenia). Medications are typically given orally or intravenously to reduce complications.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

The mother may develop physiologic anemia due to the need for increased red blood cell mass, while the fetus requires about 350-400 mg of iron for growth. During pregnancy, a woman's body undergoes significant changes, including an increase in blood volume by about 30-50% to support the growing fetus. This increase in blood volume requires the production of more red blood cells (RBCs) to ensure adequate oxygen delivery to both the mother and the fetus. Iron is a critical component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

To meet the increased demand for RBC production, pregnant women require more iron. Additionally, the developing fetus needs approximately 350-400 mg of iron for its own growth and development, particularly in the formation of its own red blood cells and iron stores. If the mother's iron intake is insufficient, she may develop physiologic anemia, a common condition during pregnancy where the hemoglobin concentration decreases due to the dilution effect of the increased plasma volume.

Physiologic anemia of pregnancy, also known as dilutional anemia, occurs because the plasma volume increases more than the red blood cell mass during pregnancy. This leads to a relative decrease in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit. While the total RBC mass does increase, the expansion of plasma volume causes the blood to be more dilute. Iron is vital for the production of hemoglobin, and without adequate iron, the body cannot produce enough healthy red blood cells, leading to anemia. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath, which are commonly experienced by pregnant women with iron deficiency.

Think of iron as the building blocks needed to construct a house (red blood cells). During pregnancy, you're building a larger house because you're not only constructing it for yourself but also for the baby (increased RBC mass and fetal iron needs). If you don't have enough building blocks (iron), the construction slows down, leading to an incomplete or weaker structure (anemia).

Nurse Jenna should emphasize the importance of adequate iron intake during pregnancy, which can be achieved through diet and supplementation. Foods rich in iron, such as red meat, poultry, fish, legumes, and fortified cereals, should be recommended. Additionally, Nurse Jenna should inform the patient that vitamin C enhances iron absorption and suggest taking iron supplements with a source of vitamin C, such as orange juice. She should also educate the patient about possible side effects of iron supplements, such as constipation, and offer strategies to manage these effects.

• Encourage a balanced diet rich in iron-containing foods.
• Discuss the benefits of taking prenatal vitamins with iron and ensure they are taken as prescribed.
• Recommend taking iron supplements with vitamin C to enhance absorption.
• Provide guidance on managing side effects of iron supplements, like constipation, by increasing fiber intake and fluid consumption.
• Educate the patient about recognizing signs of anemia and when to report them to a healthcare provider.

✘Incorrect answer options:

The mother might experience anemia because of a reduced appetite. While reduced appetite can contribute to inadequate nutritional intake, it is not the primary reason for the increased need for iron during pregnancy. The key factor is the physiological changes in blood volume and the iron requirements of the growing fetus.

The fetus requires more red blood cells, which the mother needs to provide. While the fetus does require iron to produce its own red blood cells, the mother does not directly provide red blood cells to the fetus. Instead, the mother provides iron, which the fetus uses to build its own red blood cells.

The mother may have digestion issues due to pica. Pica, the craving for non-food substances, can lead to nutritional deficiencies, including iron deficiency, but it is not a primary reason for the increased iron requirement during pregnancy. The increased need for iron is due to the physiological demands of pregnancy, not digestive issues related to pica.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Developing Rh incompatibility. Nurse Kelly knows the patient understands the purpose of Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM) if the patient correctly identifies that it protects against developing Rh incompatibility. Rh incompatibility occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive baby. During pregnancy or delivery, if fetal Rh-positive blood enters the mother's bloodstream, her immune system may recognize the Rh-positive cells as foreign and start producing antibodies against them. In future pregnancies, if the mother’s blood contains these antibodies, they could cross the placenta and attack the red blood cells of an Rh-positive fetus, leading to hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis), which can cause severe anemia, jaundice, or even fetal death.

RhoGAM works by preventing the mother's immune system from recognizing the Rh-positive fetal cells as foreign and from producing antibodies against them. It is typically given within 72 hours after delivery if the newborn is Rh-positive, and it may also be administered during pregnancy if there is a risk of maternal-fetal blood mixing.

In an Rh-negative mother, the immune system can become sensitized to Rh-positive blood cells if exposed, usually during delivery or trauma during pregnancy. Sensitization leads to the production of anti-D antibodies, which can cross the placenta in subsequent pregnancies and destroy the red blood cells of an Rh-positive fetus. RhoGAM contains Rh immunoglobulin, which neutralizes any Rh-positive fetal cells in the mother's blood before her immune system can recognize and respond to them, thereby preventing sensitization and protecting future pregnancies.

Imagine Rh incompatibility as a mistaken identity issue. If the mother's immune system mistakes the baby’s blood cells for harmful invaders, it will attack them. RhoGAM acts like a shield that prevents this mistaken attack by making sure the immune system doesn’t even notice the baby’s cells.

Nurse Kelly should ensure the patient fully understands the importance of RhoGAM and its role in preventing Rh incompatibility. The nurse should also reinforce when and why RhoGAM might be needed in future pregnancies or situations where there’s a risk of blood mixing, such as after a miscarriage, abortion, or any invasive procedure like amniocentesis.

• Educate the patient about the importance of RhoGAM and the timing of administration (after delivery, miscarriage, or certain prenatal procedures).
• Ensure the patient understands the need for RhoGAM in future pregnancies if she remains Rh-negative and has an Rh-positive partner.
• Reinforce that RhoGAM does not treat or protect against other conditions, such as infections or anemia.
• Document the administration of RhoGAM and ensure the patient has this information for future reference.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Contracting German Measles. German measles, or rubella, is a viral infection, and RhoGAM does not provide any protection against viral infections. Vaccination, not RhoGAM, is used to prevent rubella.

Developing pernicious anemia. Pernicious anemia is a condition caused by vitamin B12 deficiency due to impaired absorption, and it is unrelated to Rh incompatibility or the administration of RhoGAM.

Having Rh-positive blood. RhoGAM does not change the baby’s Rh status. It only prevents the mother’s immune system from developing antibodies that could harm an Rh-positive baby in future pregnancies. The Rh factor of the baby is determined genetically and is not altered by RhoGAM.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"I should take my iron supplement on an empty stomach." The correct understanding of how to manage iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy involves taking iron supplements in a way that maximizes absorption. Iron is best absorbed on an empty stomach because food, especially certain substances like calcium, dairy products, and high-fiber foods, can inhibit its absorption. However, because iron can cause gastrointestinal discomfort (such as nausea or constipation), some women may need to take it with a small amount of food. Ideally, iron supplements should be taken with water or a source of vitamin C, such as orange juice, which enhances iron absorption.

Iron-deficiency anemia occurs when the body doesn't have enough iron to produce adequate hemoglobin, the component of red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen. During pregnancy, the demand for iron increases significantly due to the expanding blood volume and the needs of the growing fetus. Without sufficient iron, the mother can develop anemia, which can lead to fatigue, weakness, and other complications for both the mother and the baby. Taking iron supplements helps replenish iron stores, improve hemoglobin levels, and ensure that both mother and baby receive adequate oxygen.

Imagine iron as a sponge that needs to soak up as much water (absorption) as possible. If the sponge is already wet (like taking iron with food), it won’t absorb as much water. But if it’s dry (taking iron on an empty stomach), it will soak up much more water.

Nurse Jenna should educate the client about the best practices for taking iron supplements to ensure maximum absorption. This includes taking the supplement on an empty stomach, preferably with a source of vitamin C, and avoiding foods that can inhibit iron absorption around the time of taking the supplement. Nurse Jenna should also address potential side effects, such as gastrointestinal discomfort, and suggest strategies to manage them, such as gradually increasing the dose or taking the supplement with a small snack if necessary.

• Encourage taking iron supplements with a glass of water or vitamin C-rich juice, like orange juice, to enhance absorption.
• Advise the client to avoid taking iron supplements with calcium-rich foods or beverages, such as milk, as calcium can inhibit iron absorption.
• Discuss potential side effects of iron supplements, such as constipation or nausea, and offer strategies to alleviate these, such as taking the supplement with a small amount of food if needed.
• Monitor the client’s hemoglobin and hematocrit levels regularly to assess the effectiveness of supplementation.
• Reinforce the importance of adherence to the iron supplementation regimen to prevent complications of anemia during pregnancy.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"I'll drink a glass of milk with my iron supplement to increase absorption." This statement is incorrect because milk contains calcium, which can interfere with the absorption of iron. It is recommended to avoid taking iron supplements with dairy products.

"It's best to take my iron supplement with a calcium-rich food like yogurt." Calcium-rich foods, such as yogurt, can inhibit the absorption of iron, making this an incorrect practice. It is better to avoid taking iron supplements with calcium-rich foods.

"I'll take my iron supplement right before bed, even if I've eaten recently." While taking iron before bed can be convenient and might reduce gastrointestinal side effects, taking it right after a meal can reduce its absorption due to the presence of food in the stomach, especially if the food contains substances like calcium or fiber that inhibit iron absorption.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

The baby may be small for gestational age (SGA). Severe maternal anemia during pregnancy can have significant adverse effects on fetal development. When a mother has severe anemia, her body struggles to deliver enough oxygen to the fetus because anemia reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of her blood. Oxygen is critical for fetal growth and development. If the fetus does not receive adequate oxygen, its growth may be restricted, leading to the baby being small for gestational age (SGA). SGA refers to a baby that is smaller than the typical size for the number of weeks of pregnancy, usually below the 10th percentile for gestational age.

In a pregnant woman with severe anemia, the reduced hemoglobin levels result in decreased oxygen delivery to the placenta and, consequently, to the fetus. The fetus relies on maternal blood for the oxygen and nutrients needed for growth. When this supply is compromised, the fetus may not grow at the expected rate, leading to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and resulting in the baby being small for gestational age (SGA). Chronic hypoxia due to severe anemia can cause long-term developmental issues and increases the risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality.

Imagine a plant that isn’t getting enough sunlight (oxygen). It won’t grow as tall or as healthy as it should. Similarly, a fetus that doesn’t receive enough oxygen due to maternal anemia might not grow to its full potential, resulting in a smaller baby at birth.

Nurse Laura should focus on managing the mother's anemia by ensuring she receives appropriate iron supplementation, possibly combined with folic acid and vitamin B12 if indicated. It is also crucial to monitor the fetus's growth regularly through ultrasound assessments to detect any signs of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) early. Collaborative care with a healthcare provider specializing in high-risk pregnancies might be necessary to manage and mitigate the effects of severe anemia on the fetus.

• Administer and educate the patient on the importance of iron supplements and, if needed, other medications to manage anemia.
• Encourage a diet rich in iron and vitamin C to enhance iron absorption.
• Monitor fetal growth through regular ultrasound scans to detect any signs of growth restriction.
• Collaborate with an obstetrician or maternal-fetal medicine specialist to manage high-risk pregnancies effectively.
• Provide emotional support and education to the mother about the potential impact of anemia on her pregnancy and the steps being taken to minimize risks.

✘Incorrect answer options:

The baby might be large for gestational age (LGA). Severe anemia in the mother is more likely to result in a baby that is small for gestational age (SGA) due to insufficient oxygen and nutrient supply, not large for gestational age (LGA).

Risk of hemorrhage. While anemia can increase the mother's risk of hemorrhage during delivery due to poor oxygenation and impaired clotting, this option does not directly address the most likely outcome for the fetus. The fetus itself is more likely to be small for gestational age (SGA) rather than facing an increased risk of hemorrhage.

Development of erythroblastosis fetalis. Erythroblastosis fetalis, or hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), is typically caused by Rh incompatibility between the mother and fetus, not by maternal anemia. This condition results from the mother’s immune system attacking the fetal red blood cells, which is unrelated to anemia from iron deficiency.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Preterm delivery. Anemia during pregnancy, particularly when hemoglobin levels drop below 10.5 g/dL, can lead to several complications, with preterm delivery being one of the most concerning. Hemoglobin levels of 9 g/dL at 28 weeks gestation indicate moderate anemia, which can compromise the oxygen supply to both the mother and the fetus. Inadequate oxygenation may contribute to fetal stress and is associated with an increased risk of preterm labor. Preterm delivery is a significant complication because it can lead to various neonatal issues, including respiratory distress syndrome, underdeveloped organs, and long-term developmental delays.

Anemia in pregnancy is typically due to iron deficiency, where the body lacks sufficient iron to produce adequate hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is essential for transporting oxygen in the blood. During pregnancy, the body's blood volume increases significantly, requiring more iron to produce enough hemoglobin to meet the needs of both the mother and the fetus. When hemoglobin levels are low, it can lead to hypoxia, which is insufficient oxygen reaching the tissues, including the uterus and placenta. Hypoxia can trigger premature uterine contractions, leading to preterm labor and delivery.

Imagine a delivery truck (hemoglobin) that needs to transport essential goods (oxygen) to various stores (body tissues). If the truck is too small or there aren’t enough trucks, not all stores will get the goods they need on time, leading to shortages (hypoxia). In pregnancy, these shortages can cause the body to deliver the baby early (preterm delivery).

Nurse Lisa should closely monitor the client for signs of preterm labor, such as uterine contractions, lower back pain, and changes in vaginal discharge. The client should also be educated on the importance of iron supplementation, proper nutrition, and recognizing symptoms of anemia and preterm labor. Additionally, regular follow-up appointments should be scheduled to reassess hemoglobin levels and overall fetal well-being.

• Educate the client about the importance of taking prescribed iron supplements and following a diet rich in iron.
• Monitor for signs and symptoms of preterm labor, such as increased uterine contractions, pelvic pressure, or lower back pain.
• Reinforce the need for regular prenatal visits to monitor fetal growth and maternal hemoglobin levels.
• Encourage the client to report any symptoms of anemia, such as fatigue, weakness, or dizziness, which might indicate worsening anemia.
• Provide emotional support and counseling, as concerns about anemia and preterm delivery can cause anxiety in pregnant clients.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Fetal macrosomia. Fetal macrosomia refers to a baby that is significantly larger than average, typically due to maternal diabetes or obesity. Anemia is not a risk factor for macrosomia; in fact, anemia is more likely to be associated with fetal growth restriction rather than excessive growth.

Preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system, often the kidneys, and it is not directly linked to anemia. While both conditions can coexist, anemia does not directly cause preeclampsia.

Polyhydramnios. Polyhydramnios is a condition where there is an excessive amount of amniotic fluid around the fetus, which can occur due to various reasons, including fetal anomalies or maternal diabetes. Anemia is not a known risk factor for polyhydramnios.