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| FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE |
- Developed the first theory of nursing.
- Focused on changing and manipulating the environment in order to put the patient in the best possible conditions for nature to act.
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| HILDEGARD PEPLAU |
- Introduced the Interpersonal Model.
- She defined nursing as a therapeutic, interpersonal process which strives to develop a nurse-patient relationship in which the nurse serves as a resource person, counselor and surrogate.
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| FAYE ABDELLAH |
- Defined nursing as having a problem-solving approach, with key nursing problems related to health needs of people; developed list 21 nursing problem areas
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| IDA JEAN ORLANDO |
- Developed the three elements – client behavior, nurse reaction and nurse action – compose the nursing situation. She observed that the nurse provide direct assistance to meet an immediate need for help in order to avoid or to alleviate distress or helplessness.
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| MYRA LEVINE |
- Described the Four Conservation Principles.
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- conservation of energy
- conservation of structured integrity
- conservation of personal integrity
- conservation of social integrity
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| DOROTHY JOHNSON |
- Developed the Behavioral System Model.
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- Patient’s behavior as a system that is a whole with interacting parts
- how the client adapts to illness
- Goal of nursing is to reduce so that the client can move more easily through recovery.
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| MARTHA ROGERS |
- Conceptualized the Science of Unitary Human Beings. She asserted that human beings are more than different from the sum of their parts; the distinctive properties of the whole are significantly different from those of its parts.
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| DOROTHEA OREM |
- Emphasizes the client’s self care needs; nursing care becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental or social needs.
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| IMOGENE KING |
- Nursing process is defined as dynamic interpersonal process between nurse, client and health care system.
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| BETTY NEUMAN |
- Stress reduction is a goal of system model of nursing practice. Nursing actions are in primary, secondary or tertiary level of prevention
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| SISTER CALLISTA ROY |
- Presented the Adaptation Model. She viewed each person as a unified bio-psychosocial system in constant interaction with a changing environment. The goal of nursing is to help the person adapt to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, role function and interdependent relations during health and illness.
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| LYDIA HALL |
- Introduced the notion that nursing centers around three components: person (core), pathologic state and treatment (cure) and body(care).
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JEAN WATSON |
- Conceptualized the Human Caring Model. She emphasized that nursing is the application of the art and human science through transpersonal caring transactions to help persons achieve mind-body-soul harmony, which generates self-knowledge, self-control, self-care and self-healing.
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ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE |
- Introduced the Theory of Human Becoming. She emphasized free choice of personal meaning in relating to value priorities, co-creating of rhythmical patterns, in exchange with the environment and contranscending in many dimensions as possibilities unfold.
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| MADELEINE LENINGER |
- Developed the Transcultural Nursing Model. She advocated that nursing is a humanistic and scientific mode of helping a client through specific cultural caring processes (cultural values, beliefs and practices) to improve or maintain a health condition
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